Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

Later papers cite the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for the claim that resting voltage depends on the permeability of each ion and on its concentrations inside and outside the cell¹. Sundelacruz and colleagues used it to predict that raising extracellular potassium would depolarize stem cells². A 2023 imaging review gives it as the standard account of why a cell has a resting potential⁷. In these papers the equation is a working tool, not a subject of study.

Law and Levin say the elementary theory of voltage changing through ion channel currents is due essentially to Hodgkin and Huxley³. They note that the squid giant axon model leaves out calcium entirely yet fits the data quite well⁴. Pietak and Levin describe a standard Hodgkin-Huxley style model as an equivalent circuit with differential equations for membrane conductance, and reuse its form in their simulator⁵.

Levin applies the neural equations to a wider claim, that bioelectric signaling was exploited by evolution for computation before nervous systems existed. The same passage reports that the Hodgkin-Huxley equations can be derived from first principles of information theory⁶. The passages show the equations being carried from squid axon work into non-excitable cells, development and cancer. They do not show Hodgkin's own experiments.