BioelectricaAlterspan Labs
An encyclopedia by Alterspan Labs

The electric life of cells.

How living tissue uses voltage and energy to build, repair and decide. Written from 141 books and papers, 1852 to now, and rewritten every night as the library grows.

The library, drawn as living tissue
A large cell is an article. Brighter means the library holds more on it.
A small cell is a book held in full.
A hollow cell is a book still in copyright: described, not held.
A dotted wall joins two linked articles that touch.
Numbers mark the reading path, one to nine.
Stain
Start here

It begins with a current flowing from a wound.

Nine articles, in order, from a frog's cut muscle to cells that agree on the shape of a body. They are numbered on the map.

  1. 01from 1852 · 98 passagesAnimal electricityA cut muscle drives a current. Du Bois-Reymond measured it; the argument over what it means has not ended.
  2. 02from 1902 · 566 passagesThe resting potentialEvery cell holds a voltage across its membrane, not only nerve and muscle.
  3. 03from 1902 · 711 passagesPlants answer tooBose recorded electrical responses in plants and metals and asked where the living begins.
  4. 04from 1888 · 804 passagesOne cell, behavingJennings and Binet watched Paramecium and Stentor avoid, choose and adapt.
  5. 05from 1880 · 483 passagesMachine or agentLoeb called it forced movement. Jennings called it trial and error.
  6. 06from 1888 · 1,199 passagesGrowing backMorgan, Child and the planarian: what tells a fragment which end is the head.
  7. 07from 2016 · 75 passagesThe voltage mapPatterns of membrane voltage that precede anatomy, and what happens when they are rewritten.
  8. 08from 2013 · 48 passagesWhere the energy comes fromProton gradients across membranes: the cell's other electricity.
  9. 09from 2019 · 23 passagesHow big is a selfCells joined by gap junctions pursue goals no single cell holds.
The articles

49 ideas, each traced through the texts.

Oldest first within each strand. The year is the earliest source the article quotes; the mark is its colour on the map.

Bioelectricity12

Bioenergetics7

Morphogenesis and form9

Minds of small things12

Goals and control3

Evolution and evolvability2

Physiology and the whole organism4

The library

36 books and 105 papers held in full. 77 more described.

Each mark is one work, set in its decade. Books from 1930 or earlier are in the public domain and can be read here. Later books are still in copyright, so they are described: that is the hollow middle of the picture.

De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius · Galvani, L., 17911800s1820s1840sOn Animal Electricity: Being an Abstract of the Discoveries of Emil du… · Du Bois-Reymond, E. (ed. H. Bence Jones), 18521860s1880sThe Power of Movement in Plants · Darwin, C., 1880The Psychic Life of Micro-organisms: A Study in Experimental Psychology · Binet, A., 1888The Principles of Psychology, Vols. 1-2 · James, W., 1890Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to… · Bateson, W., 1894General Physiology: An Outline of the Science of Life · Verworn, M., 18991900sRegeneration · Morgan, T. H., 1901Response in the Living and Non-Living · Bose, J. C., 1902Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution · Kropotkin, P., 1902The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy · Metchnikoff, E., 1903Behavior of the Lower Organisms · Jennings, H. S., 1906Plant Response as a Means of Physiological Investigation · Bose, J. C., 1906Comparative Electro-Physiology: A Physico-Physiological Study · Bose, J. C., 1907The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology · Washburn, M. F., 1908The Science and Philosophy of the Organism · Driesch, H., 1908The Mechanistic Conception of Life · Loeb, J., 1912The Life of the Plant · Timiriazeff, C. A., 1912Researches on Irritability of Plants · Bose, J. C., 1913Individuality in Organisms · Child, C. M., 1915Principles of General Physiology · Bayliss, W. M., 1915The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical Viewpoint · Loeb, J., 1916Life Movements in Plants · Bose, J. C., 1918Elektrobiologie: Die Lehre von den elektrischen Vorgängen im Organismus auf… · Bernstein, J., 19121920sInjury, Recovery and Death in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability · Osterhout, W. J. V., 1922Protoplasmic Action and Nervous Action · Lillie, R. S., 1923The Physiology of the Ascent of Sap · Bose, J. C., 1923Physiological Foundations of Behavior · Child, C. M., 1924Elements of Physical Biology · Lotka, A. J., 1925The Nervous Mechanism of Plants · Bose, J. C., 1926A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes · Crile, G. W., 1926Muscular Activity · Hill, A. V., 1926Plant Autographs and Their Revelations · Bose, J. C., 1927Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the… · Pavlov, I. P., 1927The Motor Mechanism of Plants · Bose, J. C., 1928The Biosphere · Vernadsky, V. I., 1926The History of Biological Theories · Rádl, E., 1930The Metabolism of Tumours · Warburg, O., 1930Die mitogenetische Strahlung · Gurwitsch, A. G., 1932The wisdom of the body · Cannon, 1932The Elements of Experimental Embryology · Huxley, J. S. and G. R. de Beer, 1934Theoretical Biology · Bauer, E. S., 1935A Basis for the Theory of Medicine · Speransky, A. D., 1935The Phenomena of Life: A Radio-Electric Interpretation · Crile, G. W., 19361940sWhat Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell · Schrödinger, E., 1944The Directiveness of Organic Activities · Russell, E. S., 1945Bioelectric Fields and Growth · Lund, E. J., 1947Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine · Wiener, N., 1948An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine · Bernard, C., 1957Principles of Embryology · Waddington, C. H., 1956The Stress of Life · Selye, H., 1956The Strategy of the Genes: A Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology · Waddington, C. H., 1957Bioenergetics · Szent-Györgyi, A., 19571960sDesign for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior · Ashby, W. R., 1960Introduction to a Submolecular Biology · Szent-Györgyi, A., 1960The Ideas of Biology · Bonner, J. T., 1962A Physical Theory of the Living State · Ling, G. N., 1962The Worm Re-Turns: The Best from the Worm Runner's Digest · McConnell, J. V., 1965Problems of Cell Permeability · Troshin, A. S., 1966Energy Flow in Biology · Morowitz, H. J., 1968Electromagnetic Fields and Life · Presman, A. S., 1970Blueprint for Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life · Burr, H. S., 1972The Living State: With Observations on Cancer · Szent-Györgyi, A., 1972Statistical mechanics · Feynman, 1972Behavior: The control of perception · Powers, 1973On Development: The Biology of Form · Bonner, J. T., 1974Mind and Tissue: Russian Research Perspectives on the Human Brain · Peat, R., 1976Electronic Biology and Cancer · Szent-Györgyi, A., 1976Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness · Barnes, B. O. and L. Galton, 1976The Integrated Mind · Gazzaniga, M. S. and J. E. LeDoux, 1978Behavior and Evolution · Piaget, J., 1978Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid · Hofstadter, D., 19791980sAutopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living · Maturana, H. R. and F. J. Varela, 1980From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences · Prigogine, I., 1980Shufflebrain: The Quest for the Hologramic Mind · Pietsch, P., 1981Electromagnetism and Life · Becker, R. O. and A. A. Marino, 1982A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock · Keller, E. F., 1983Biologically Closed Electric Circuits · Nordenström, B. E. W., 1983In Search of the Physical Basis of Life · Ling, G. N., 1984The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution · Oyama, S., 1985The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life · Becker, R. O. and G. Selden, 1985Anticipatory systems: Philosophical, mathematical, and methodological… · Rosen, 1985The Vital Force: A Study of Bioenergetics · Harold, F. M., 1986Membrane Bioenergetics · Skulachev, V. P., 1988Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference · Pearl, 1988Electric Fields in Vertebrate Repair · Borgens, R. B. et al., 1989On Growth and Form · Thompson, D. A. W., 1992The Touchstone of Life: Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and the… · Loewenstein, W. R., 1990The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution · Kauffman, S. A., 1993The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms · Ho, M.-W., 1993At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and… · Kauffman, S., 1995From PMS to Menopause: Female Hormones in Context · Peat, R., 1997The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language · Smith, J. M. and E. Szathmáry, 19992000sHow the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity · Goodwin, B., 2001Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life · Pollack, G. H., 2001Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes · Hille, 2001The Extended Organism: The Physiology of Animal-Built Structures · Turner, J. S., 2002Developmental Plasticity and Evolution · West-Eberhard, M. J., 2003Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry Into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication… · Rosen, R., 2005Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life · Lane, N., 2005Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic… · Jablonka, E. and M. J. Lamb, 2006Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems · Wagner, A., 2007Wetware: A Computer in Every Living Cell · Bray, D., 2009Membrane potential controls adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of… · Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL, 2008The Tinkerer's Accomplice: How Design Emerges from Life Itself · Turner, J. S., 2010A Foray Into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: with A Theory of Meaning · von Uexküll, J. J., 2010The Origins of Evolutionary Innovations: A Theory of Transformative Change in… · Wagner, A., 2011The Physiology of Bioelectricity in Development, Tissue Regeneration, and Cancer · Pullar, 2011Laws, Language and Life: Howard Pattee's classic papers on the physics of… · Pattee, H. H. and J. Rączaszek-Leonardi, 2012Arrival of the Fittest: How Nature Innovates · Wagner, A., 2014The Vital Question · Lane, N., 2015Dance to the Tune of Life: Biological Relativity · Noble, D., 2017A second-generation device for automated training and quantitative behavior… · Blackiston D, Shomrat T, Nicolas CL…, 2010Native aggregation as a cause of origin of temporary cellular structures needed… · Matveev VV, 2010HDAC activity is required during Xenopus tail regeneration · Tseng AS, Carneiro K, Lemire JM, Levin M, 2011Histone deacetylase activity is necessary for left-right patterning during… · Carneiro K, Donnet C, Rejtar T, Karger…, 2011Long-distance signals are required for morphogenesis of the regenerating… · Mondia JP, Levin M, Omenetto FG…, 2011Modeling planarian regeneration: a primer for reverse-engineering the worm · Lobo D, Beane WS, Levin M, 2012Neurally Derived Tissues in Xenopus laevis Embryos Exhibit a Consistent… · Pai VP, Vandenberg LN, Blackiston D…, 2012The plasma membrane potential and the organization of the actin cytoskeleton of… · Chifflet S, Hernández JA, 2012Membrane potential and cancer progression · Yang M, Brackenbury WJ, 2013Early bioenergetic evolution · Sousa FL, Thiergart T, Landan G…, 2013Bioenergetics in human evolution and disease: implications for the origins of… · Wallace DC, 2013Life as we know it · Friston K, 2013Adolf Beck: A pioneer in electroencephalography in between Richard Caton and… · Coenen A, Zayachkivska O, 2013Transmembrane voltage potential of somatic cells controls oncogene-mediated… · Chernet BT, Levin M, 2014Long-range gap junctional signaling controls oncogene-mediated tumorigenesis in… · Chernet BT, Fields C, Levin M, 2014Bioenergetics of mammalian sperm capacitation · Ferramosca A, Zara V, 2014Bioelectric signaling regulates size in zebrafish fins · Perathoner S, Daane JM, Henrion U…, 2014Knowing one's place: a free-energy approach to pattern regulation · Friston K, Levin M, Sengupta B, Pezzulo…, 2015Gap Junctional Blockade Stochastically Induces Different Species-Specific Head… · Emmons-Bell M, Durant F, Hammelman J…, 2015Inferring regulatory networks from experimental morphological phenotypes: a… · Lobo D, Levin M, 2015A novel method for inducing nerve growth via modulation of host resting… · Blackiston DJ, Anderson GM, Rahman N…, 2015Bioelectric memory: modeling resting potential bistability in amphibian embryos… · Law R, Levin M, 2015Comparison of the depolarization response of human mesenchymal stem cells from… · Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL, 2015Membrane potential depolarization causes alterations in neuron arrangement and… · Özkucur N, Quinn KP, Pang JC, Du C…, 2015Endogenous electric fields as guiding cue for cell migration · Funk RH, 2015Membrane Potential and Calcium Dynamics in Beta Cells from Mouse Pancreas… · Dolenšek J, Špelič D, Klemen MS, Žalik…, 2015Mitochondrial membrane potential: a trait involved in organelle inheritance? · Milani L, 2015Pathways and Bioenergetics of Anaerobic Carbon Monoxide Fermentation · Diender M, Stams AJ, Sousa DZ, 2015Alkaliphilic Bacteria with Impact on Industrial Applications, Concepts of Early… · Preiss L, Hicks DB, Suzuki S, Meier T…, 2015The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered · Lyon P, 2015A hybrid living/organic electrochemical transistor based on the Physarum… · Tarabella G, D'Angelo P, Cifarelli A…, 2015Revisiting the mitogenetic effect of ultra-weak photon emission · Volodyaev I, Beloussov LV, 2015On Having No Head: Cognition throughout Biological Systems · Baluška F, Levin M, 2016Formin Is Associated with Left-Right Asymmetry in the Pond Snail and the Frog · Davison A, McDowell GS, Holden JM…, 2016Bioelectric modulation of macrophage polarization · Li C, Levin M, Kaplan DL, 2016Use of genetically encoded, light-gated ion translocators to control… · Chernet BT, Adams DS, Lobikin M, Levin M, 2016Exploring Instructive Physiological Signaling with the Bioelectric Tissue… · Pietak A, Levin M, 2016Genome-wide analysis reveals conserved transcriptional responses downstream of… · Pai VP, Martyniuk CJ, Echeverri K…, 2016Physiological controls of large-scale patterning in planarian regeneration: a… · Durant F, Lobo D, Hammelman J, Levin M, 2016Vertically- and horizontally-transmitted memories - the fading boundaries… · Neuhof M, Levin M, Rechavi O, 2016A Tunable Silk Hydrogel Device for Studying Limb Regeneration in Adult Xenopus… · Golding A, Guay JA, Herrera-Rincon C…, 2016The Dual Function of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Bioenergetics and Cell… · Kaludercic N, Giorgio V, 2016Towards a Physarum learning chip · Whiting JG, Jones J, Bull L, Levin M…, 2016The brain is required for normal muscle and nerve patterning during early… · Herrera-Rincon C, Herrera-Rincon C, Pai…, 2017Serotonergic stimulation induces nerve growth and promotes visual learning via… · Blackiston DJ, Vien K, Levin M, 2017Discovering novel phenotypes with automatically inferred dynamic models: a… · Lobo D, Lobikin M, Levin M, 2017HCN4 ion channel function is required for early events that regulate anatomical… · Pai VP, Willocq V, Pitcairn EJ, Lemire…, 2017Bioelectric regulation of innate immune system function in regenerating and… · Paré JF, Martyniuk CJ, Levin M, 2017The Zahn drawings: new illustrations of Xenopus embryo and tadpole stages for… · Zahn N, Levin M, Adams DS, 2017Planarian regeneration in space: Persistent anatomical, behavioral, and… · Morokuma J, Durant F, Williams KB…, 2017IK channel activation increases tumor growth and induces differential… · Thurber AE, Nelson M, Frost CL, Levin…, 2017Nature's Electric Potential: A Systematic Review of the Role of Bioelectricity… · Tyler SEB, 2017Studying Electrotaxis in Microfluidic Devices · Sun YS, 2017The Unfolded Protein Response: At the Intersection between Endoplasmic… · Carreras-Sureda A, Pihán P, Hetz C, 2017The role of noise in self-organized decision making by the true slime mold… · Meyer B, Ansorge C, Nakagaki T, 2017Physarum machines imitating a Roman road network: the 3D approach · Evangelidis V, Jones J, Dourvas N…, 2017HCN2 Rescues brain defects by enforcing endogenous voltage pre-patterns · Pai VP, Pietak A, Willocq V, Ye B, Shi…, 2018Inform: Efficient Information-Theoretic Analysis of Collective Behaviors · Moore DG, Valentini G, Walker SI, Levin…, 2018Booting up the organism during development: Pre-behavioral functions of the… · Herrera-Rincon C, Levin M, 2018Emerging Roles of the Membrane Potential: Action Beyond the Action Potential · Abdul Kadir L, Stacey M, Barrett-Jolley…, 2018The Bioelectric Code: Reprogramming Cancer and Aging From the Interface of… · Silver BB, Nelson CM, 2018The Computational Boundary of a "Self": Developmental Bioelectricity Drives… · Levin M, 2019A flow through device for simultaneous dielectrophoretic cell trapping and AC… · Punjiya M, Nejad HR, Mathews J, Levin…, 2019Neural control of body-plan axis in regenerating planaria · Pietak A, Bischof J, LaPalme J…, 2019Modeling somatic computation with non-neural bioelectric networks · Manicka S, Levin M, 20192020sWe Are Electric · Adee, S., 2023How Life Works · Ball, P., 2025HCN2 Channel-Induced Rescue of Brain Teratogenesis via Local and Long-Range… · Pai VP, Cervera J, Mafe S, Willocq V…, 2020Defined extracellular ionic solutions to study and manipulate the cellular… · Bonzanni M, Payne SL, Adelfio M, Kaplan…, 2020An in vivo brain-bacteria interface: the developing brain as a key regulator of… · Herrera-Rincon C, Paré JF, Martyniuk…, 2020Bioelectrical understanding and engineering of cell biology · Schofield Z, Meloni GN, Tran P, Zerfass…, 2020Mitochondrial Metabolism in Astrocytes Regulates Brain Bioenergetics… · Rose J, Brian C, Pappa A, Panayiotidis…, 2020Behaviorist approaches to investigating memory and learning: A primer for… · Abramson CI, Levin M, 2021Beyond Neurons: Long Distance Communication in Development and Cancer · McMillen P, Oudin MJ, Levin M, Payne SL, 2021Cell Systems Bioelectricity: How Different Intercellular Gap Junctions Could… · Riol A, Cervera J, Levin M, Mafe S, 2021Mitochondrial Structure and Bioenergetics in Normal and Disease Conditions · Protasoni M, Zeviani M, 2021Structure and Mechanism of Respiratory III-IV Supercomplexes in Bioenergetic… · Brzezinski P, Moe A, Ädelroth P, 2021Impact of Hydrogen Sulfide on Mitochondrial and Bacterial Bioenergetics · Borisov VB, Forte E, 2021Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: An Experimentally-Grounded Framework… · Levin M, 2022Competency in Navigating Arbitrary Spaces as an Invariant for Analyzing… · Fields C, Levin M, 2022Learning in Transcriptional Network Models: Computational Discovery of… · Biswas S, Clawson W, Levin M, 2022Ion Channel Drugs Suppress Cancer Phenotype in NG108-15 and U87 Cells: Toward… · Mathews J, Kuchling F, Baez-Nieto D…, 2022Active inference, morphogenesis, and computational psychiatry · Pio-Lopez L, Kuchling F, Tung A…, 2022Minimal Developmental Computation: A Causal Network Approach to Understand… · Manicka S, Levin M, 2022Mechanisms Underlying Influence of Bioelectricity in Development · George LF, Bates EA, 2022Bioelectric Dysregulation in Cancer Initiation, Promotion, and Progression · Sheth M, Esfandiari L, 2022Bioelectric Potential in Next-Generation Organoids: Electrical Stimulation to… · O'Hara-Wright M, Mobini S…, 2022Bioelectric networks: the cognitive glue enabling evolutionary scaling from… · Levin M, 2023Darwin's agential materials: evolutionary implications of multiscale competency… · Levin M, 2023There's Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded… · Bongard J, Levin M, 2023The brain is not mental! coupling neuronal and immune cellular processing in… · Ciaunica A, Shmeleva EV, Levin M, 2023Cellular Competency during Development Alters Evolutionary Dynamics in an… · Shreesha L, Levin M, 2023The Reduction in the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Aging: The Role of the… · Rottenberg H, 2023The Role of Sperm Membrane Potential and Ion Channels in Regulating Sperm… · Pinto FM, Odriozola A, Candenas L…, 2023Potential for host-symbiont communication via neurotransmitters and… · Xiang X, Vilar Gomez AA, Blomberg SP…, 2023Fluorescence Imaging of Cell Membrane Potential: From Relative Changes to… · Nikolaev DM, Mironov VN, Shtyrov AA…, 2023Bioelectricity in Developmental Patterning and Size Control: Evidence and… · Silic MR, Zhang G, 2023Thoughts from the forest floor: a review of cognition in the slime mould… · Reid CR, 2023Learning in the Single-Cell Organism Physarum polycephalum: Effect of Propofol · Kippenberger S, Pipa G, Steinhorst K…, 2023Collective intelligence: A unifying concept for integrating biology across… · McMillen P, Levin M, 2024Motile Living Biobots Self-Construct from Adult Human Somatic Progenitor Seed… · Gumuskaya G, Srivastava P, Cooper BG…, 2024Phosphorylations and Acetylations of Cytochrome c Control Mitochondrial… · Morse PT, Arroum T, Wan J, Pham L…, 2024Horizontal mitochondrial transfer as a novel bioenergetic tool for mesenchymal… · Iorio R, Petricca S, Mattei V, Delle…, 2024The Multiscale Wisdom of the Body: Collective Intelligence as a Tractable… · Levin M, 2025Revealing non-trivial information structures in aneural biological tissues via… · Blackiston D, Dromiack H, Grasso C…, 2025On the prospects of basal cognition research becoming fully evolutionary… · Fábregas-Tejeda A, Sims M, 2025
book held in fullbook described, still in copyrightopen paper held
On Animal Electricity: Being an Abstract of the Discoveries of Emil du Bois-ReymondDu Bois-Reymond, E. (ed. H. Bence…
1852
On Animal Electricity: Being an Abstract of the Discoveries…
Du Bois-Reymond, E. (ed.…
1852
The Power of Movement in PlantsDarwin, C.
1880
The Power of Movement in Plants
Darwin, C.
1880
The Psychic Life of Micro-organisms: A Study in Experimental PsychologyBinet, A.
1888
The Psychic Life of Micro-organisms: A Study in…
Binet, A.
1888
The Principles of Psychology, Vols. 1-2James, W.
1890
The Principles of Psychology, Vols. 1-2
James, W.
1890
Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the…Bateson, W.
1894
Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial…
Bateson, W.
1894
General Physiology: An Outline of the Science of LifeVerworn, M.
1899
General Physiology: An Outline of the Science of Life
Verworn, M.
1899
RegenerationMorgan, T. H.
1901
Regeneration
Morgan, T. H.
1901
Response in the Living and Non-LivingBose, J. C.
1902
Response in the Living and Non-Living
Bose, J. C.
1902
Mutual Aid: A Factor of EvolutionKropotkin, P.
1902
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Kropotkin, P.
1902
The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic PhilosophyMetchnikoff, E.
1903
The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy
Metchnikoff, E.
1903
Behavior of the Lower OrganismsJennings, H. S.
1906
Behavior of the Lower Organisms
Jennings, H. S.
1906
Plant Response as a Means of Physiological InvestigationBose, J. C.
1906
Plant Response as a Means of Physiological Investigation
Bose, J. C.
1906
Comparative Electro-Physiology: A Physico-Physiological StudyBose, J. C.
1907
Comparative Electro-Physiology: A Physico-Physiological…
Bose, J. C.
1907
The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative PsychologyWashburn, M. F.
1908
The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology
Washburn, M. F.
1908
The Science and Philosophy of the OrganismDriesch, H.
1908
The Science and Philosophy of the Organism
Driesch, H.
1908
The Mechanistic Conception of LifeLoeb, J.
1912
The Mechanistic Conception of Life
Loeb, J.
1912
The Life of the PlantTimiriazeff, C. A.
1912
The Life of the Plant
Timiriazeff, C. A.
1912
Researches on Irritability of PlantsBose, J. C.
1913
Researches on Irritability of Plants
Bose, J. C.
1913
Individuality in OrganismsChild, C. M.
1915
Individuality in Organisms
Child, C. M.
1915
Principles of General PhysiologyBayliss, W. M.
1915
Principles of General Physiology
Bayliss, W. M.
1915
The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical ViewpointLoeb, J.
1916
The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical Viewpoint
Loeb, J.
1916
Life Movements in PlantsBose, J. C.
1918
Life Movements in Plants
Bose, J. C.
1918
Injury, Recovery and Death in Relation to Conductivity and PermeabilityOsterhout, W. J. V.
1922
Injury, Recovery and Death in Relation to Conductivity and…
Osterhout, W. J. V.
1922
Protoplasmic Action and Nervous ActionLillie, R. S.
1923
Protoplasmic Action and Nervous Action
Lillie, R. S.
1923
The Physiology of the Ascent of SapBose, J. C.
1923
The Physiology of the Ascent of Sap
Bose, J. C.
1923
Physiological Foundations of BehaviorChild, C. M.
1924
Physiological Foundations of Behavior
Child, C. M.
1924
Elements of Physical BiologyLotka, A. J.
1925
Elements of Physical Biology
Lotka, A. J.
1925
The Nervous Mechanism of PlantsBose, J. C.
1926
The Nervous Mechanism of Plants
Bose, J. C.
1926
A Bipolar Theory of Living ProcessesCrile, G. W.
1926
A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes
Crile, G. W.
1926
Muscular ActivityHill, A. V.
1926
Muscular Activity
Hill, A. V.
1926
Plant Autographs and Their RevelationsBose, J. C.
1927
Plant Autographs and Their Revelations
Bose, J. C.
1927
Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral…Pavlov, I. P.
1927
Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological…
Pavlov, I. P.
1927
The Motor Mechanism of PlantsBose, J. C.
1928
The Motor Mechanism of Plants
Bose, J. C.
1928
The History of Biological TheoriesRádl, E.
1930
The History of Biological Theories
Rádl, E.
1930
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental MedicineBernard, C.
1957
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
Bernard, C.
1957
On Growth and FormThompson, D. A. W.
1992
On Growth and Form
Thompson, D. A. W.
1992
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