Comparative Electro-Physiology: A Physico-Physiological Study

Electrical response of frog’s nerve to equi-alternating shocks . . 457 Normal response of animal nerve to thermal stimulation . . 460 . Enhancement of normal response after thermal tetanisation . . 462 Abnormal positive converted to normal negative after thermal tetanisation . . ‘ 463 Gradual transition oe {honda ester : sonal Woeative through diphasic . P 465 Conversion of abnormal positive to sired eis faust Sige Effect of ether on electric response of plant nerve . : ; of eaQye: Effect of carbonic acid . 5 ‘ : : . ; a: Cae Effect of alcohol . ; : ‘ 5 F ‘ < «tae Oe Effect of ammonia . - P : spt WEA Effect of ammonia on response of indifferent iSueale:: : ; - 474 Three parallel types of response in plant and animal nerve Ae iak 7A.

Effect of tetanisation on enhancement of normal negative response. 475 Abnormal diphasic converted into normal negative after tetanisation Conversion of abnormal positive to normal negative through inter- mediate diphasic under increasing intensity of stimulation . Effect of KCl ; Comparative effects of NaCl ant N ae on deeds After-effect of moderate stimulation on peaduclivits and excitability After-effect of strong stimulation on conductivity and excitability

Mechanical response of frog’s nerve under electric tetanisation . Conversion of abnormal positive to ‘Homial peace ‘heough sisbacies by tetanisation Comparison of mechanical responses in accanl and slit nerve . Transient enhancement of contraction on cessation of tetanisation Enhancement of excitability after tetanisation Effect of light in enhancing excitability of plant nerve Determination of velocity by mechanical response of plant nerve Determination of death-point by inversion of curve of goles Excitatory response by resistivity variation

Action of anesthetics on response by resistivity iivintod in fido%s s nerve . . . . . . Oo . . *. e Variation of excitability and conductivity with pélacitiie sisesindes in shunt ‘ Variation of excitability st cinddeivity $ith patiniateg Medtrblen in series . Demonstration by subjective response of opposite effects cotaeed by moderate and feeble E.M.F. Mechanical response of pulvinus of Zrythrina indica, by make of kathode and anode Additive effect of magnetic stimuli, individually ineffective

Magnetic tetanisation, with transient enhancement of effect on cessation . Opposite effects of moderate and strong K-tonus on esagrnnite con- duction . Enhancement of magnetic G-menen: by successive fongnetic stimuli. ‘ ‘ : ° . : 288. Response of aluminium powder to electric radiation . . * <3, OL 289. Persistent after-effect on strong stimulation . : : : . 603 290. Effect of warmth in hastening recovery . > ; gag? at one, OE 291. Uniform responses to electric radiation . apes 602

292. Cyclic molecular variation and concomitant snodification a response —characteristic curves . ‘ ; : ‘ ; : 5: ce GRD Effect of tetanisation at A stage, conversion of abnormal positive to Effect of tetanisation at B stage, enhancement of normal response Effect of tetanisation in inducing E stage, diminution or reversal of normal response seen in : 307. Expansive and contractile response in muscle . : . 649 308. Relation between stimulus and response in sciatic nerve ar seks «) g? 309. Relation between stimulus and response in sciatic nerve of bull-frog 658 310. Relation between stimulus and response in sensory optic nerve of

Ophiocephalus . ; : : . 659 311. Relation between stimulus anid fespolise in plant i nerve. » s B59 312. Relation between stimulus and response in magnetic substance . 660 313. Conversion of pleasurable sensation to painful under kathode (mechanical stimulation) . ; ‘ : . . 670 314. Conversion of painful to pleasurable Scaaeepe ar anode (mechani- cal stimulation) . ; : i ; , ; y ae, ST Positive tone of sensation due to thermal stimulus converted to negative under kathode .

Negative tone of sensation due to thermal ainalas. eoaneeed to positive under anode . : ‘ Differences of fusion in sensation according as it is modified to positive or negative . 5 F : : ; : 671, 672 Revival of latent impression in metal under diffuse stimulation é Revival of latent or ‘memory image’ in phosphorescent screen under diffuse stimulation ADDITIVE effect, 34, 595 After-effect, persistence of, under strong stimulation, 151-154 Anesthetics, effect of, on excitability, 130 on response of nerve, 472, 518, 673 on response of wood, 362 ~ re on responsive resistivity variation, 549 Sa on suctional response, 375 eieoazons induced by stimulus, in memory image, 686 in metallic plate, 683 bd "e b in phosphorescent screen, 684 3 PR in plagiotropic stem, III Arm-pit, sckpouiee of human, 319 © Ascent of sap, various theories of, 356 Assimilation and dissimilation, 68, 87, 308 Autonomous response, continuity with multiple, 211 * a in Biophytum, 211 is in Desmodium, 212 Reslenche theory, 502

BERNSTEIN on polarisation decrement, 562 Biedermann on response of glands, 289 ase riff “ > of stomach, 289 Binocular alternation of vision, 431 Biophytum, mechanical response of, 58 Pe positive and negative response in, 59 Blaze current, so-called, in lead, 266 Block, advantages of method of, 133 3 », Of differentially excitable surfaces, 324 pr », of magnetisation, 620 Complex sensation, dissociation of, by lag, 674, 675 ‘4s », obliteration of negative element in, by selective block, » 073s 675

Composite image, analysis of, by after-effect, 432 Conduction of true excitation in plants, 446 Conductivity balance, experiments with : + = sy on condectivny versus receptivity sek alcohol, Wa - ~ on conductivity versus receptivity under KI and Nal, 491-492 - cs - on receptivity under alcohol, 493 ee a me case versus responsivity under alcohol, PP > a on responsive variation under alcohol, 494 re sy rs on variation of conductivity under alcohol, 494 Conductivity balance, experiments with : si », Variation of responsivity by alcohol on frog’s nerve, 492 a * Py re by CaCl, on plant nerve, 486 $5 re ne . by CuSO, on frog’s nerve, 485 ‘“e Fi Pe te by KCI on plant nerve, 487 & Pe ‘ys te by Na;CO, on frog’s nerve, 485 5 ms ‘6 es contrasted effects of NaCl and NaBr, 487 a Pe ‘i conductivity by Na,CO, on plait ne ve, 488- Conductivity balance, experiments with : % effect of cold on conductivity, 499 +3 »» Of electric current, 565-568 - », Of excessive stimulus, 505 ae »» Of moderate stimulus, 504 ‘

», Of warmth, so1 el oa: 553 Corrosion figures, 349 Crescograph, 221 Cucurbita, electric response of plagiotropic stem of, 111, 285 Current of death, 166 Current of injury : anomalous variation in, 165 mA », diminution of response with diminution of, 159 ear i explanation of, 156 = op its decline, 158 a 33 positive and negative variation of, 161 ee various theories of, 149 Current of Reet, effect of CO, on, 122 oe », effect of fall of temperature on, 119 i », effect of Na,CO, on, 122 5 », effect of section of petiole on, 225-227 os », effect of steady rise of temperature on, 119 ‘5 »» effect of sudden variation of temperature on, 120 - »» in animal skin, 288 a o> ©6in Citrus, 224 a », in Dionea, 224 "ys »» in Ficus, 224 9 », in foot of snail and its variation on injury, 318

se », physiological condition determining, 117 aoe ,» positive and negative variations of, 126 DARWIN on excitatory reaction in Drosera, 331 Dead tissue, positivity of, 170 Death, different Jost-mortem symptoms of, 192 Death-point, accurate methods of determining, 194 ss determination of, by abolition or reversal of response, 195 a 36 by inversion of curve of electric resistivity, 546 a x by thermo-mechanical inversion, 198 Depression, response by method of relative, 9 Desmodium pulsation, electro-motive response of free leaflet, 218

Bens: and McKendrick on retinal current, 415 Differential excitability, determination of: in eel, 285 Differential excitation, in memory revival, 680 Differential response, of compound strip, 108 Dillenia indica, normal response of, 256 » » » y9 reversal of, under fatigue, 327 Dillenia indica, reversal of normal response, under feeble stimulation, 328 Direct and after-effect, methods of, 275 Dose, effect of, on excitability, 136 Drosera, response in digestive leaf of, 342, 343 Drugs, modification of effect by tonic condition, 641 », significance of effect of dose, 639, 640 Drying, effect of, on nerve, 539 Du Bois-Reymond on current of rest in frog’s skin, 288

- ¥ pre-existence theory of, 149 ; Dying tissue, negativity of, 169, 173 a : EBBINGHAUS, on rate of forgetting, 678 } Eel, electric response of, 285 % Electric discharge under excitation in leaf organ : ; in Pterospermum, 255 Electric distribution, explanation of, in dying and dead tissue, 173 ic. “ in plant and muscle cylinder, 150, 156 Electric organ, anterior and posterior surfaces, 242 = », laws of response in, 248 is », theories of, 260 Electrical response, in absence of mechanical, 20, 220 ey ne laws of, in anisotropic organs, 109 a3 af »» in isotropic organs, 75 Electrotonus, Bernstein’s polarisation decrement, 562 i conversion of qualities of sensation by, 670-672 KA extrapolar effects in plant nerve, 561 ie Hermann’s polarisation increment, 563 ; Ws law of variation of conductivity under, 568 oe ‘ excitability under, 571 Pe iodiication of conductivity by, 566-568 i variation of excitability by, 569

Energy, hydraulic transmission of, 69 Engelmann on current of rest in skin, 288 Equi-alternating shocks: their advantage, 274 FATIGUE, alternating, 98 in response of metal, 7 reversal of normal response in D2//enza under, 327 _ in Drosera under, 342 in Mimosa under, 326 in nerve under, 102 in stomach of gecko under, 346 transmitted effect in nerve under, 530 under continuous stimulation, 95 GALENA, response of, 3 Gecko, fatigue of conductivity in nerve of, 530,

in organ physically restrained, 442 Gdotrenic action, hydrostatic theory of, 435 Geotropic stimulus, determination of area excited by, 436 Gotch on oscillatory character of electric discharge, 270 Growth, effect of stimulus on, 73 Growth pulsation, 221 Gymnotus, electrical discharge in, 242 HAAKE on electromotive difference in plants, 13 Hartig on ascent of poison, 363 Heidenhain on enhancement of excitability by section, 502 on polarisation increment, 563 Holmgren on retinal current, 415

INJURY, degree determining sign of action current, 175 _ see Current of Injury . Interference, induced difference of phase causing, 142 af method of: effect of chemical agents determined by, 147 * Be effect of cold determined by, 147 Inversion of thermo-mechanical curve, 198 “f of electro-motive curve, 202 Pr. of curve of resistivity, 546 Kunkel on electro-motive variation due to water movement, 13 », on electric reaction in plants, 13 LATENT image, revival in phosphorescent screen, 684 | _ Latent impression, revival of, in metal, 683 : | Laws of differential response, 109 | s» 5, electrical response of isotropic tissue, 75 | s» 3, response in electric organs, 248

transmitted effect due to, 402 Libs influence of fatigue on after-effect of, 411 »» negative and positive responses to, 402, 406 »» phasic responsive alternations under, 408 Light, positive and negative after-effects under, 409, 412 ,», three types of direct and after-effect in plant under, 409-414 ,, three types of direct and after-effect in retina under, 427-429 Lip, response of human, 321 > cs opposite effects of moderate and strong K-tonus on, 610 3 response, additive effect in, 595

a fe direct effect of tetanisation and transient after- effect, 623 +5 s3 effect of A- and K-tonus on excitability, 611 Malepterurus, electrical organ of, 242 Mechanical and electrical response, simultaneous record of, 17, 19 Mechanical stimulator, rotary, 291 Melon, electrical response of, 315 Memory, an after-effect of stimulus, 677 a5 spontaneous revival of, 680 Memory image, negative, 684 P Metal, abolition of response by poison, 9 1 : »» fatigue in response of, 7

differential response of, 108 etecaiae model, 598 ; Molecular modification, reversal of normal response due to, 7 Molecular response, persistent after-effect in, 597, 601, 603 Molecular theory of excitation, 590 Molecular transformation, external tests of, 620 Morograph, 197 Morographic record by electro-motive response, 202 vs », by mechanical response, 198 ae 43 »» by resistivity variation, 546 Musa, electrical response of, parallel to Dionea, 237 Muscle cylinder, electrical distribution in, 150 Multiple response, electrical in Biophytum, 209

~ electrical in pitcher of Wefenthe, 341 % $5 re in stomach of frog, 347 re x mechanical, in Biophytum, 208 Nepenthe, current of rest in, 335 a multiple response in, 341 - three types of response in, 338-340 Nerve, excitatory electrical changes in, 508 me sg mechanical changes in, 509 ,, failure to conduct, 530 Nerve of animal, electrical response of, me ay oa . conversion of positive to negative after ~ thermal tetanisation, 463 " % . - conversion of positive to negative by in- creasing intensity of stimulus, 466

* +3 Ra y»» ° employment of electrical stimulus, errors due to, 458 ” . os Pr enhancement of normal response after thermal tetanisation, 462 re 7 e sa gradual transformation from positive to negative through diphasic, 464 - 5a e a to injury of one contact, complications arising from, 458 ge +3 “ ay under stimulation by thermal shocks, 460 see also Conductivity Balance. ; Nerve of animal, mechanical response of, Nerve of animal, mechanical response of, effect of morphia on, 516

oe »» response of, conversion of abnormal to normal after tetanisation, »» » a conversion of abnormal to normal by increasing in- tensity of stimulus, 476 | a ” >» a3 effect of alcohol on, 473 i 9 > $s effect of ammonia on, 474 ‘ ss st effect of CO, on, 472 9 ¥ 3 effect of ether on, 472 me fe “4 effect of tetanisation in enhancing, 476 $9 ee 4 three types in, 475 F a 5, Similarities of response in, and in animal, 471-478 Nerve at plant, mechanical response of, 528 % » 2 » determination of velocity by, 525 » » ” % effect of light on, 557 » > >» 9 enhancement after tetanisation, 554 Nervous impulse, two kinds of, 647 PS various direct and indirect manifestations of, 648

Noll, Haberlandt, and Nemec, statolithic theory of, 435 5 Nymphea alba, response of leaf of, 246 Ophiocephalus, mechanical response of optical nerve of, 529 $5 response in retina of, 427-429 Optic nerve and cornea, differential excitability between, 417 PAcINI, law of, 242 Pfeffer and Czapek on theory of geotropism, 435 Pfliiger, avalanche theory of, 502 Pfliiger’s law ; its failure with high E.M.F., 579 5 », Of polar effects of currents, 578 Phasic reactions, alternating, 100

Phenoipthalines detection of transport channels by, 360° | Polar effects of currents, demonstration of : s i ay oe os by motile response in plants, 579 “= sy oa “3 . by subjective sensation, 582 Poison, action of, modification of, by dose and tonic condition, 640, 641 a on inorganic response, 9 Positive response of sub-tonic tissue, 83 a unmasking of, from resultant negative, 66 Pterospermum, analogy with Torpedo, 255 Pulvinated and growing organs, similarities of response in, 394

REID, on response of skin of eel, 289 Resistivity variation, determination of death-point by, 546 3 +3 response by, and its correspondence in the other modes of response, 549 v bs s3 experimental difficulties of, 540 ~ a », of metallic particles by, 3, 600-603 a ag », Of frog’s nerve by, 549 ae », of selenium by, 3 Response, bifurcated expression of, 104 - considered as molecular derangement, 590 rs law of differential, 109 = law of isotropic, 75 ‘3 positive, diphasic, and negative in cauliflower, 62 ” =a 29 ” in potato, 64 ‘5 simultaneous record of mechanical and electrical, 17, 19 re various forms of, 2 . Response recorder, 34 Retina, determination of differential excitability of, and optic nerve, 418 . ; 5» excitatory after-effect in, 427-430 - 7 », multiple response in human, 430 : 29 2 9 in frog, 426 . bere es Wallago, 425 Pe raion of, in Ophiocephalus, 427-429 = oy in frog, 418

5, so-called positive response of, .419 Retino-motor effect, 421 Retinal response, conversion of abnormal to normal, 423 oY ue explanation of abnormal, 423 ae ae three types of after-effect in, 427-429 Reverser, oscillating, 276 53 rotating, 280 Rheotome, observations with, 47, 254 Root as digestive organ, 349 », response of young and old, 353, 354 5» responsive secretion of, 352 Rosenthal on currént of rest in stomach, 288 Rotary Mechanical Stimulator, 291

SACHS on growth of Cucurbita in darkness, 557 Schonlein on oscillatory character of electric discharge, 270 Season, influence of, on recovery from stimulus, 45 Selenium, response of, 3 Sensation, conversion from positive to negative by tetanisation a 66 5 + different tones of, 646 ks dual elements in, 674 F effect on, of attention and inhibition, 652 are effect on, of molecular disposition, 663, 664 ss effect on, of progressive molecular change in nerve, 661 is identification with opposite nervous changes, 650 4. interchange of pleasurable and painful under electrotonus, 670- Oe », - negative element in, blocked by anesthetics, 673 | a3 positive and negative, 664 ; ny positive simple, negative complex, 665

Skin, abnormal response converted to normal after Seeanie ols, 31 3 », response of, in frog, 300, 302 ' ae by equi-alternating electric shocks, 277 % by taps, 26 “4 by tension and compression, 25 ‘i by thermal shocks, 24 © effect of moderate, on conductivity, 504 a », of strong, on conductivity, 505 Stimulator, electro-thermic, 38 ‘ “ vibratory, 30 Stimulus, effect of, on growth, 73 - opposite effects of, on highly tonic and sub-tonic’ G'tissues, 77 4g relation between, and response :

.; ig magnetic, in iron, 660 Strasburger on ascent of poisons, 363 Suctional response, diminution of latent period of, 384 x es persistence of, particular zone being killed, 373 = oe under method of balance, 383 - a is electro-motive variation in Desmodium leaflet, 219 9 . heliotropic effects, 394 Temperature, different effects of, on conductivity and excitability, 187 ae effect of cyclic variation of, on electric response, 189 9 effect of high, in abolishing response, 190