Comparative Electro-Physiology: A Physico-Physiological Study

Experimental Arrangement for obtaining Records on Staoked Devas of Responses given to Direct and Indirect Stimulation, by Leaf of Mimosa . Record of Response of A/imosa Leaf, taken on a fast-moving drum The Abnormal Positive preceding the Normal Negative in Mechanical and Electrical Responses in Biophytum Photographic Record of Electrical Response of Petiole 7 Ceutinwer Photographic Record of Electrical.Response of Petiole of Fern . Longitudinal Contraction and Retardation of Growth under Light in

Hypocotyl of Szzapzs nigra Record of Growth in Crinum at Pen petacats of 34° C. and 3 5° C. Balanced Record of Variation of Growth in Flower-bud of Crinum Lily under Diffuse Stimulation of Light Diagrammatic Representation of the Tonic Level Photographic Record of Abnormal Positive passing into Recoial Negative Response in a Withered ica crie of Leaf-stalk of Cauliflower . ‘ Photographic Record af Sesieade Reeaenae | in Vascioias Net erve Staircase Increase in Electrical Response of Petiole of Pe rendered sluggish by cooling . :

Record showing Diminution of Response, when sufficient Time is not allowed for Full Recovery Photographic Record showing Fatigue in Tin Wire which had ids continuously stimulated for Several Days . : : + ti Rapid Fatigue under Continuous Stimulation in (a) Muscle’; (3) Beak. stalk of Celery (Electrical Response) ~ Photographic Records of Normal Mechanical Gee of Mitiova to Single Stimulus (upper figure), and to Continuous Stimulation . (lower figure) < ‘ i ;

Oscillatory Response of Arsenic -acted on Continuously by iertion . Radiation : Mesusia Fatigue (a) in "Electrical Radpohies of Petiole of Cauli. flower; (4) in Multiple Electric Responses of Peduncle of . Biophytum ; (c) in Multiple Mechanical Responses of Leaflet of . Biophytum ; and (d@) in Autonomous Responses of Desmodium . Photographic Record of Periodic rio in the Automatic Pulsation Periodic . Fatigue in Pulsation of Frog’s s Heart (Pembrey and Phillips) .

Photographic Record at Peisdie: F sae sete Continous: Sitiala: Preliminary Staircase, followed by iigiey in the Responses Br Preliminary Staircase, Riteeeics followed = ueasn: in we Rediolae of Galena to Hertzian Radiation ; Photographic Record of Responses of Style of Datura alba in oes Growth had come to a Temporary Stop ‘ : cae Responsive Current in. Petiole of Musa frou Concave to Comvis Side Parallelism of Natural Current in Pulvinus of AZmosa and Sheathing Petiole of W/usa 2 got

Effect of Variation of Tuapeecuse on Natural Cotrene: \; which in Petiole. of MZusa flows from Convex to Concave Side ‘ Photogiaphic Record showing effect of Sudden, followed by steady Rise of Temperature on Natural Current, |, in A/usa Action of 7 per cent. Solution of Na,CO, on Natural Current of Musa Variation of the Transverse Natural and icapalaee Curfents: in . Pulvinus of JZ@mosa. Photographic Record of Effect of @hidroform on ecnbaak of Chae

Photographic Record showing Action of Chloral Hydrate on the . Responses of Leaf-stalk. of Cauliflower . ; ‘ Abolition of Response at both A and B Ends "7 yg Action of NaOH ‘ : : , ; Photographic Record showing the nearly complete Abolition of Response by strong KOH Photographic Record showing the Siieiilataky Aisin of Sdhition of Photographic Record Dowie Coctinens Actes wae 2 per seat: Na,CO, Solution . ‘ Photographic Record showing the Depressing Action af 5 per ceil HCl Acid . ‘

Striking-rods for stimulation of two ends of specimen and inducing phase-difference . Isolated and diphasic responses weit one aihesence of shins ; Photographic Record showing Negative, Diphasic, and Positive Resultant Responses in Tin ; Photographic Record of ee of Petiole of Cauliflower by ‘the Diametric Method F : , ; Photographic Record showing Persistent Electrical After- Effect i in Inorganic Substance under Strong Stimulation . Photographic Record exhibiting Persistent Galvanometric Negativity in Plant Tissue after Strong Stimulation

Experimental Arrangement for ier Electrical Effect due to Section ‘ Records showing increasing Poe Galvansmeuie ‘Regativiey; according as injury is caused nearer to proximal contact . Curve showing the Electrical Distribution in Stem with one Sectioned © Electrical Distribution in Plant-cylinder with Opposite Ends Sectioned Record of es wnces | in Plant (Leaf: stalk | Coulifiowes by Method of Negative Variation : - d Distribution of Electric Potential in Lamina of Colocasia along a enciial line from dead to living through intermediate stages

Distribution of Electric Potential in Penal of Nymphica ott one end of which has been killed Photographic Records of Responses of Vereinbie N erve, one end of which has been injured . ‘ Typical Cases of Variation of Current of Rest and ction: Corsent, Specimen originally isotropic , Typical Cases of Variation of Current of Rest and ‘Actiow: Cunrent:; intermediate point naturally less or more excitable than either of terminal Typical Cases of Vor aeon of Guceat of Het and Acton: Comeonit Anisotropic organ, B end originally more excitable than A

Photographic Record showing Effect of Rapid Cooling, by Ice-cold Water, on Pulsations of Desmodium gyrans 181 Photographic Record of Pulsations of Desmodium during Continuous Rise of Temperature from 30° C. to 39° C. f . 182 Diminution of Response in Zucharis by Lowering of Tesh peretavé «+883 _After-effect of Cold on Ivy, Holly, and Zucharis Lily . 184 Photographic Record of Responses in Zucharis Lily during the Rise and Fall of Temperature - 185 Diminished Amplitude of Response with Rising Temperature (Stem ‘of Amaranth) .. .- “ght 186 Photographic Records of AenblaGiindeas Dibleanie in Driiahisaes, showing Increase of Amplitude and Decrease of Frequency, with Lowering of Temperature 188 Photographic Record showing Effect of Sieant 3 in shicliabitinie ihiehoaes 190 Record of Electric Responses of Amaranth at various Temperatures. 195 Photographic Record of Thermo-mechanical Curve given by Coronal Filament of Passiflora 198 Thermo-mechanical Curve of Two Different nineciaiee of Style of Datura alba, obtained from Flowers of the same Plant 198 The Thermal Chamber 200 Photographic Record exhibiting Bicetsie Spades in the Petiole of Musa 202 Photographic Réecond showed Electric Taversion at Death siecle 59°5°, in the Petiole of Amaranth . 203 Record showing Inversion of Electric Curve and ‘Siti Nalepsises Reversal of Electric Response in Stem of Amaranth. 204 Multiple Mechanical Response of Aiophytum, due to a Single Strong Thermal Stimulus . 208 Multiple Electro-tactile Response in ‘Stem of Wenosa due # Bite Strong Thermal Stimulus . ; 209 Photographic Record of Multiple Electrical Ripon: in Lae a Biophytum .

209 Multiple Electrical ieasheses ade Different Bonus val Siiehlies | in Different Organs 210 Photographic Record of Multiple Electrical Response to Siteie Thermal Shock in Frog’s Stomach : 210 Induction of Autonomous Response in Siophytum ‘a Moderately High Temperature of 35°C. . 211 Initiation of Multiple Response in Ester Leaflet of ‘iceman originally at Standstill . : : ‘ 212 Photographic Record of Autonomous Mechanical Pislestion in Desmodium Leaflet . 213 Spark-record of Single Pulsation in . Leaflet of Detwotiiuats . 214 Photographic Records of Simultaneous Mechanical and Electrical Pulsation of Desmodium Leaflet é ; 218 Photographic Record of. Simultaneous Mathaniont tnd Electrical Pulsation in Leaflet of Desmodium, before and after Physical | Restraint of Leaflet . é : ; ; ‘ :

Crescographic Record of ee Growth- “responses in Peduncle of . Crocus. .« ‘ : ‘ 221 Natural and db co nonctet Guuveeste 3 in Teavek cp 2284 Burdon Sanderson’s Fundamental Experiment on Dioian Leaf 229° _ Parallel Experiment in Sheathing Petiole of A/usa » «2229 Positive Response of certain Leaves of Dionea — 230 Diphasic Response of Leaf of Dzonea ‘ in Hapa Positive followed . by negative. . . . ; 230 Positive Response of same bet when ‘ modified ? by" peeiiiies ae" stimulation. .. .. ” : 230 . Experimental Connections with Piosive asicviinn to the second ‘Experimental Method of Burdon Sanderson’... ioe RO Bam © Response. of Under-surface of, Leaf of Dionea, with Electrical Connections as in Fig. 153: Wee: iss - Photographic Records of Positive, Tiphasie, ee Megative Rape of. Petiole of J/Zusa depending on the Effective antensity OF <3 35 . Transmitted Stimulus .. . ° ° 238. Electrical Response of Lamina of Nymphaea alba due to Pamelor. ; Excitation from Petiole . / 246 Diagrammatic Representation by Du fois: Reymond for Explanation _ of Electrical Response in Organ’of Zorpedo . : i gaz Photographic Records of Responses given by Leaf of Coleus wromae ais: when both Surfaces are Excited Simultaneously by cigars VSRGGK To ye~ 4 Apa 248 Experimental Adan deiace ig Mhovicant Ghicteniices 252 Records of Two Successive Responses in Leaf of Soph lies calycinum under Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks. . ° - 253 . Response-curve from Rheotomic Observation on Leaf of Nymphaea alba . ; : : es | Series of Responses ees i hast a Fidrosferamum subtrifolium to Stimulus of Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks . : 0 255 Photographic Record of Responses of Carpel of Dzl/enia nikita 256 Photographic Record of Normal Responses given by Pitcher of Nepenthe, under Equi-alternating Electric Shocks . ‘ .

256 Responsive Currents in Lead Wire , 264 Flat Strip of Lead, of which lower Surface is omnittated:| . 265 Photographic Records of After-effect of Homodromous ¢ and Hetero- dromous | Induction-shocks:in prepared Strip of Lead .. ¥- 6 Lee Photographic Record of Responses to -Equi-alternating Electric °. Shocks in Prepared Lead Strip. -. ae » 267 Response of Pulvinus of AMtmosa- to Equi alternating Electric ey: Shocks .:+ . ; ; : 268 Experimental Arrangement. for Detantiination of Excitatory ‘Afver- effect of Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks. 276 Method of Direct Effect of Excitation by Equi- caltamvating Shocks 280 Excitation by Equi-alternating Shocks 281 Photographic Record of Response of Petiole of Bis: to “Equi: “alee nating Electric Shocks, before and after Application of Chloroform 284

Photographic Record of Responses of ee Stem of Cac ‘bila to Equi-alternating Electric Shocks. ¥: Electrical Responses of Eel to Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks Rotary Mechanical Stimulator. _.. - aes ea Diagram Representing Different Levels - Excitability, ne ‘Leto, and Minus .. . - Electrical Response of Grape: arte to Rotary Méchanical Stimulation Electrical Response of Frog’s Skin to Rotary Mechanical Stimulation Photographic Record of Electrical Kesponses of Upper Surface of Intact Human Forefinger to Rotary Mechanical Stimulation — Photographic Record of Electrical’: Responses ee ork skin to . Thermal Shocks .. } Photographic Record of Electrical Rexpceseh of Grape-skin to Stimid _ lation by. Equi-alternating Electrical.Shocks - Photographic Record of Series of Electrical Responses of Frog’s s Skin . to Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks .. -. Photographic Record of Transverse Response of. Palvinus af Mimosa . to Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks... ray Continuous. Photographic Record of Autonomous Pulsation of Des- _ modium gyrans from 6 P.M. to 6 A.M, an, Photographic Record of Electrical Responses in Skin ‘of Neck of . Tortoise.to Stimulus-of Equi-alternating Electrical Shocks .. - . Isolated Responses of Upper and Lower Surfaces of Skin of Tomato . to Rotary Mechanical Stimulus. ~ Photographic Record of Series of Wesncaaa: in Skin of Eatante er . Equi-alternatin Electrical Shocks. . A Single Response of Skin of Tomato to Equbslternating Shock . recorded on Faster Moving Drum . Photographic. Record of Series of Normal Responses in Skin ve - Geckow’ :, Photographic Riou of ‘AtiiGened Dipbasis aiienonecs in Skin of Gecko, converted to Normal, after Tetanisation : Transverse Section of Tissue of Hollow Peduncle of Diialis aly: Photographic Record of. Responses of Water-melon to- meek - nating Electric Shocks .

Photographic Rece d of- Electrical Responses ved Tnteet: Hiutaah - Armpit’. . +. : ‘y Experimental Arrangement ioe Ritepoiine of Hein’ Lip ey Photographic Record of Electrical Response of Intact Human Lip Possible Variations of Responsive Current, as. between. Two Surfaces - A and R, shown by. Means- of "Diagrammatic. iss paca of . Characteristic Curves. --.. - a ae y SLE ety Photographic Record: showing Resariid of N ofmial 2 eee in . Pulvinus of A/émosa due to Fatigue - 2 a A Ee 2 -

.. Photographic Record showing Reversal of Resconse in Carpe of . Dillenia indica, wnder Sub-minimal Stimulation - Pitcher of Vepenthe, with lid removed. - oo Glandular Surface of a Portion of the aug Menibtaine: ofthe Pitcher > Of Nepenthe-. -.0 2 were ie Se eee el Photographic Record of Series of Normal Negative Responses of Glan- dular Surface of Wefenthe in Fresh Condition to Equi-alternating Electric Shocks Photographic Record of Réspdmses nf Pitcher i in Intermediate Stage, having Attracted a Few Insects . :

Photographic Record of Responses of Pitcher in Third Stags) the whole Glandular Surface thickly Coated with Insects Multiple Response of Pitcher of Vepenthe, in First or Fresh Stage, to Single Strong Thermal Shock Multiple Response of Pitcher pf Wideathe: 3 in Third Siage, to Single Strong Thermal Shock . Photographic Record of Responses in Fresh Dest of D osera to Bau alternating Electrical Shocks Photographic Kecord of Multiple Remniaas é asd of \ Detniesh in Positive Phase

Photographic Record of N etstad Negative Riepooies of Frog’: s Stomach to Mechanical Stimulation Photographic Record of Normal Negative Responses of Stomach of Tortoise to Stimulus of Equi-alternating Electric Shocks . Photographic Record of Normal Response in Stomach of Gecko to Equi-alternating Shocks, seen to be reversed after Tetanisation Photographic Record of Multiple Responses in Stomach of Frog to a Photographic Record of Normal Negative Relpdanie of Voume Root of Colocasia

Photographic Record of Dasities Riaponie’ in Older Root of Caberastn Photographic Record showing Normal Responses of Living Wood te Vibrational Stimulus, and the Abolition of Response by a Toxic Dose of Copper Sulphate . a, ‘ Curve showing Normal Suction: at 23° Cy “Pricresisal Suction at 35° C., and the After-effect persisting on Return to Normal Tempera- ture . Record of Blank Experiment showing Alwence of asiy Disturbenss of Record from Induction-shocks as such

Renewal of Suction, Previously at Standstill, by Action of Stineuies Photographic Record of Effect of Stimulus in Enhancing Rate of Suction -,. , ; ‘ Photographic Record showing Variation of Latent Period as After- effect of Stimulus ; Photographic Récord of Effect of Stimulus on Over-balance . : Photographic Record of Response to Continuous Sub- terminal Stimu- lation . _ induced at the Point transversely Distal to Point stimulated . - Record of Response to Moderate Unilateral Stimulation under the

Record of Different Specimen under same Experimental boca: ment when Stimulus is first Moderate and then Increased Mechanical Response of Pulvinus of A/imosa to Continuous Action of Light from Above . : ° , Electrical Response in the Lower Half is the Pulvinus of Mimosa Photographic Record of Series of Negative Responses of Petiole of Record. of Responsive Growth-variation taken under céniliteie of balance in slightly Sub-tonic Flower-bud of Crz#zuwm Lily under Diffuse Stimulation of Light . ,

Photographic Record of Positive Response of the Petiole of Cauli- flower to Light . ‘ . Multiple Mechanical Response of Leaflet of Biohytun aa the Continuous Action of Light f : Photographic Record of Multiple Electrical eonceee in oe, 6 Bryophyllum under Continuous Action of Light . . Diagrammatic Representation of Phasic Alternations, and After- effect in Type I. , . : : Photographic Record of Pieaie Kisccnationk. showing Direct and After Effects of Lightin Type I., represented by Bryophyllum .

Diagrammatic Representation of Phasic Alternations, and After Effect in Type III. . ; . Photographic Record of Phasic Aaveriatien, showing ‘Disect a _ After Effects in Type III., represented by Petiole of Cauli- flower . Photographic Recut of Pals of Diiciecee dabei witha a Sicknd Specimen of Cauliflower, representative of Type ITI. ‘ ‘ Experimental Arrangement for Determination of Differential Excita- bility of Optic Nerve and Cornea . Series of Photographic Records of Excitatory etieniore 3 in F vis ’s Eye to Equi-alternating Electric Shocks

Experimental Arrangement for Demonstration of Differential Excita- bility as between Retina and Optic Nerve . Series of Photographic Records of Excitatory teauiies in F mt s Retina to Equi-alternating Electric Shocks Photographic Record of Multiple Response of Retina of Frog snide Continuous Action of Light. , Response of petiole of Bryophyllum. Fighé: was cut off on sities Similar effect in response of tetina of Ophiocephalus-fish’. = . The same with another specimen. ‘Light was here‘cut ‘off after the first oscillation

Response of petiole of cauliflower. Light was here cut off’ on attain. ment of maximum negativity... .° . reve ise Response of isolated retina of fish as.observed by Kiihne and Steiner Inclined Slits for Stereoscope and Composite Image formed i in the Two Eyes : : Composite Indaaiphésable Word, “68 which Components iare . Seen Clearly on Shutting the Eyes - 2. -~. é Diagrammatic Representation: of a Multicellular. Organ laid ‘Hotei Effect on Apogeotropic Movement of Temporary Application of Cold on Upper and Lower Surfaces respectively.

Diagrammatic Representation of Experiment showing Curvature . Induced by Unilateral Pressure Exerted by Particles . : Record of Responsive Curvature Induced in Bud of Crinum ee by Unilateral Pressure of Particles .° -.. Photographic Record of Geo-electric Response in the Scape - of Uriclis Lily laid horizontally. . ere: Experimental Arrangement. for Sidijecting: Organ to Geetespie ‘Stimulus, Mechanical Response.being Restrained: Geo-electric Response of the’ Physically. Restrained Scape of Uriclis Labyet Ss: wae Lo .

Diagrammatic Representation af Electrical Consheann for Deter- _mination of ‘Velocities of . Centrifugal and -Centripetal ‘Trans- missions .- . | s A ¢: ae i a Experimental Adregsinent fot coopster the Relative Conduc- tivities in Transverse and Longitudinal Directions eis Response of Frog’s Nerve under Simultaneous Excitation of both Contacts, by Equi- aereee Electrical Shek: one. Contact . being Injured e ; Bahbaticement of Amplitude of agus as After- effect * Thermal . Tetanisation, in Frog’s Nerve

Conversion of Abnormal Positive into Normal Negative Response . after Thermal Tetanisation .. -. ia Gradual Transition from Abnormal Boultvh tieoaish Diphasic, i Normal Negative Responses. in Frog’s’ Nerve - Abnormal Positive Response converted through Dipheate to grat Negative under the increasingly Effective Intensity.of Stimulus, brought about by Lessening the ssa between the ee and Stimulated Points... ...: % é ; Photographic Record of Effect of Ether on he Electrical Response of Plant-nerve .

Photographic Ratants et Effect of Co, on Electrical Rescane of Plant-nerve . Photographic Record of Ripken of Response by Strong Apeicatton ‘Photographic Record of Effect of Ammonia on 1 Ordinary ‘Tissue: sf Photographic Record of Effect. of. Similar Application of Socata . Photographic Resaca of Exhibition of Three Sues sf Response, . Normal Negative, Diphasic, and Abnormal Positive, in Nerve . of Fern under: Different Conditions : Photographic Record of Effect of Tetanisation in ES Enhative: ment of Normal Negative Response in Nerve of Fern .