A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes

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effect of, on brain cells, 177 on conductivity of brain, 28 on temperature of brain and liver, 306 Adrenalin, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 28, 77, 276, in presence of iodin, 283, of thyroid extract, 283 on stainability of brain cells, on temperature of brain, 80, 187, 314, after hepatectomy, on temperature of liver, 187, facilitation of oxidation by, 44 opposite effects of, on brain and other tissues, 315 response of adrenal glands to, 314 of brain to, 308, 310 (of gray

Alcohol, effect of, on response of brain and liver to adrenalin, Alkali, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 183, 287, 293 on temperature of brain and liver, 186, 306 Alkalinity, reserve, in exhaustion, 5 Ampiiasters, 149 Amputated organs, of, 165 Amyl nitrite, response of brain and liver to, 314 Anesthesia, 97-103 effect of, on brain cells, 177 on conductivity of brain and liver, 276 on potassium іп nerve-fibers, on response of brain to adrenalin, 309, 310 | on temperature of brain, 186, 314, of brain and liver, 304- incipient effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 280 Anesthesia, ether, 97-103 effect of, on conductivity of brain, on temperature of brain, 29

Anesthesia, nitrous oxid-oxygen, effect of, on temperature of brain, Anesthetics, action of, on protoplasm, 53 Anaphylaxis, effect of, on output of adrenalin, interpretation of, 110 Ancestral plasm, 162 Animal, bipolar organization of, 173 Ascidians, 159 Asphyxia, effect on output of epinephrin in, of abdominal shock, 323, 325, of morphin, 323, 324, of strychnin, 323, 324 effect of, on temperature of brain, output of epinephrin in presence of, 323 Assimilation, electric character of, Atom, energy of, 49, 171 Atoms in living matter, crystalline structure of, 214 Atropin, effect of, on response of brain and liver to adrenalin,

Bacteria, bipolar definition of, 172 primary origin of, 172 Bacterial toxins, effect of, on output of adrenalin, 105 Bile, conductivity of, 28, 182 Binuclear organization, electrical formation of, 149 Bipolar structure of protoplasmic spherule, 50 Bipolar theory, interpretation of evolution by, 220 requirements of, 11 relation of, to surgical mortality, vital processes interpreted by, 218, Blaze currents of action, 38 Blood, conductivity of, 28, 182, 339, rôle of, as conducting medium, Blood chemistry studies, 5 Blood pressure, increase by adrenalin, 76 Blood stream, function of, in electrie circuit, 254 Blood transfusion, value of, 4 Brain, as positive pole of organism, conductivity of gray and white matter of, 273 effect of removal of, 217 effect on response of, to adrenalin, of alcohol, 321, 322, of anesthesia, 309, 310, of atropin, 318, of bromids, 318, of caffein, 321, of curare, 318, of gum acacia solution, 326-330, of hepatectomy, 309, 310, of iodin, 309, 310, of morphin, 317, 322, of strychnin, 316, 322, of thyroidec-

Caffein, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 289 on response of brain and liver to adrenalin, 321 Calcium, antagonism of, to sodium, Calcium chloride, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, response of brain to, 315 Calomel, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 289 Cancer, analogy of, to pyogenic infection, 115-117, 127-129 application of bipolar theory to, bipolar conception of, 31 bipolar interpretation of age incidence of, 125 capacity measurements of, 123-124 conductivity of, 28, 118, 184 effect of radiation on capacity of, relation of incidence of, to capacity of normal tissue, 125 Cancer cells, comparison of, with fertilized cells, 112 electric capacity of, 118 influence of nuclear-plasma теја- tion on, 155 nuclear-plasma ratio in, 113 Capacity of red blood corpuscles, Carbohydrates, electrical cance of, 13 formation of, by sunlight, 197 Carbohydrates and fats, reversible relation between, 207, 231-232 Carbon, oxidizability of, 210 quadrivalence of, 209 relation of, to oxidation and reduction, 209 role of, in organisms, 208-210 Carbon atoms, conductivity of, 209 influence on, of sun’s energy, 171 Carbon compounds, isomeric property of, 209 Carbon dioxide, production of, in nerve fiber, 39 Carcinoma, of breast, conductivity of, 119, of jaws, conductivity of, 119 of mouth, conductivity of, 119 of rectum, conductivity of, 119 of thyroid, conductivity of, 291 of uterus, conductivity of, 291 Cell, as bipolar mechanism, 13 Cell battery, comparison of, with Daniell’s cell, 253 Cell bridges, 151 Gell function, relation of, to electrical processes, 259 Cell membrane, dielectric constant of, 189 thickness of, 171, 189 Cell suspensions, conductivity of, Central nervous system, 55 electrical rôle of, 232-236 histological studies of, 177-178 nuclear origin of, 66 Cerebellum, normal conductivity of,

Cerebral activity, relation of, to liver, 237 Cerebro-electric lobe changes in, 234 Cerebrospinal fluid, high conductivity of, 28 Cerebrum, normal conductivity of, Chemical action, identity of, with electric action, 171 promotion of, by heat, 197 relation of, to heat and light, 197 Chemical activity, relation of, to conductivity, 198, 199 ‘Chemical energy, гб]е of, in organism, 12, 193 transformation of, to electric potential, 254 Chills, in infection, interpretation of, 108 „ Circuit, electric, in bipolar mechanism, 21-27 Circulatory system, róle of, in bipolar mechanism, 90 Cocaine, effect of, on conductivity,

Colloids, bipolar organization of, 173 conductivity of, 330-337 electric potential of, 49 electric significance of, 13 energy of, 171 relation of, to variations in cytological changes and temperature of brain, 30 to functional activity, 296 technique for measurement of, 263 Conductivity, of animal tissues, 183, of iodoform, 183, of morphin in presence of toxin, 183, of thyroid feeding, 183, of toxin, 183 of liver, effect on, of acid, 183, of alkali, 183, of insomnia, 183, of iodoform, 183, of morphin in presence of toxin, 183, of thyroid feeding, 183, of toxin, 183 Chromosomes, relation of, to nuclear size, 154 Connective tissue, capacity of, 122 Consciousness, prolonged, effect of, on conductivity of brain, 28 Corpuscles, red, capacity of, 189 Crepidula, 155 Crystalline structure, of atoms and molecules in living matter, Curare, effect of, on response of brain and liver to adrenalin, Cytological changes, relation of, to variations in conductivity and temperature, 31 Cytoplasm, as negative element in cells, 15, 217 effect of starvation on, 245 organization of, by nucleus, 165 Cytoplasm of unicellular organisms, functions of, 68 Cytoplasmic origin, of liver, 68-69, of muscles, 88

Diphtheria toxin, progressive effects of, on conductivity, 280 Electrice action, identity of, with chemical action, 171 Electric capacity, measurements of, role of, in living matter, 214 of white matter of brain, 130 Electric cell, definition of, 194 Electrie circuit, characteristics of, in organie battery, 254 in living organisms, 200 Electrie charges, accumulation of, in cells, 7 production of, by oxidation, 25 of living cells, origin of, 208 Electric currents, relation of, to activity of living tissue, 259 in fertilized ovum, 158 Electric energy, róle of, in organism, 12, 193, in reproduction, 148, in vital processes, 194-196 variations in, effect of, on cell division, 246 Electric fish, 37 brain cells of, 177 histologie changes in brain of, Electric gradients, as ап expression of functional polarity, 153, Electrie organization of cells, 95 Electric phenomena, omnipresence of, in living matter, 214 Electric potential, axial differences of, 154 creation of, in protoplasm, 48 relation of, to oxidation of lipoid films, 44 Electric re-organization, of injured cells, 95, of injured muscles, Electric response of retina to light rays, 131 Electric stimulation, comparison of, with voluntary stimulation, effect of, on temperature of brain and liver, 305 on potassium in nerve fibers, Electric structure of protoplasm,

Electricity, generation of, in muscular response, 89 identity of, with action current, 38, with sunlight, 200 omnipresence of, in vital phenomena, 200 production of, by oxidation, 200 relation of, to chemical energy, 200, to intermolecular energy, 200, to light energy, 200, to thermal energy, 200 Hlectricity in organisms, origin of, Electrodes, for measurement of conductivity, 262 Electrolytes, effect of concentration of, on nerve-conduction, 39 importance of, to electric activity of cell, 203 influence of, on emulsions, 203 réle of, in living matter, 214 Electrolytic solutions, conductivity - of, 202 current production in, 226-227 electrical significance of, 13 thermal properties of, 198 Electro-motive force, in spinal cord, Embryo, pre-determination of, 159 Emotion, effect of, on conductivity of brain and liver, 27, 292 Energy, assimilation of, in protoplasm, 53 circulation of, in living matter, dynamic, in non-living, 18 static, in living, 18 Energy of animals, relation of, to sun’s energy, 218 Energy pattern, 161 Energy-transforming units of protoplasm, 54 Energy units, function of, 163 Equilibrium of fish, maintenance of, Equisetum arvense, spores of, 135 Ether anesthesia, 97-102 effect of, on conductivity of brain, on H-ion concentration, 97 on oxygen consumption, 97 on temperature of brain, 29 even anesthesia, effect of, on permeability of the cell, 100 electric phenomena of, 98-101 period of excitement, 97 adrenal content during, 98

ment, adrenalin output during, 98 effect of, on conductivity of brain, 97 on permeability of cell membranes, 97 on temperature of brain, 97 electrical phenomena of, 98 hyperchromatism during, 98 progressive changes in, 102 profound anesthesia, 101-102 Excitation, early and late effects of, on conductivity of brain, 182 effect of, on brain cells, 178 Exhaustion, E effect of, on brain cells, 177-178 on conductivity of brain and liver, 182 on temperature of brain and liver, 186 reserve alkalinity in, 5

electro-static arrangement of, 218 Fat, electric capacity of, 122 Fatigue and exhaustion, effect on, mechanism of, 107-108 Fibroid tumors, conductivity of, 28 Flagella, of intestinal parasites, nuclear origin of, 64-66 method of construction of lines of, in protoplasm, 53 Form species, perpetuation of, 163 Formaldehyde, effect of sunlight on, Fright, effects of, on electrie conductivity, 276 Functional activity, effect on, of permeability of cell membranes, 180 relation of, to conductivity, 296

Gum acacia solution, effect of, on response of brain to adrenalin, 326-330 Heart, rôle of, in bipolar mechanism, 90 Heat, absence of, in nerve conduction, 39 effect of, on growth of plants, 199 generation of, in muscular response, 89 production of, by combustion of tissues, 199, in organisms, promotion of chemical action by, reciprocal relation of, to oxidation, 198 relation of, to conductivity, 198 rôle of, in organism, 12, 193, in vital processes, 225-226 source of, in organism, 199 Heat energy, relation of, to electric energy, 197-199 Heliotropism, 38, 197, 225 Helium atom, stability of, 205 Hemorrhage, effect of, on temperature of brain, 30 Hepatectomy, effect of, on brain cells, 177 on conductivity of brain, 28 on response of brain to adrenalin, 309, 310 on temperature of brain, 29, Heredity, bipolar theory of, 148-169 fundamental basis of, 162 Homogeneous spheroids, conductivity of suspension of, 341-352 Hot water in stomach, effect of, on

reducing power of, 205 Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, interrelation of, 206 Hydrogen and oxygen, interdependence of, 205 Hydrogen atoms, difference of potential in, 171 instability of, 205 structure of, 205 Hydrogen ions, electrical signifi- сапсе of, 13 relation of, to hydroxyl ions, 43 Hydrogen ion concentration, 214 increase of, by oxidation, 44 "n of, to potential of cell, Hydroxyl ions, concentration of, 214 relation of, to hydrogen ions, 43, Hyperthyroidism, effect on, of resteure, 103, of thyroidectomy, electric facilitation in, 107 electrie phenomena of, 103-104

similarity of, to iodoform poisoning, 106 bipolar interpretation of, 104-110 chills in, interpretation of, 108 chronic, hyperplasia of thyroid in, collapse in, mechanism of, 109 death from, interpretation of, 109 dry skin in, interpretation of, 108 effect of, on body temperature, 104 on brain cells, 104 on conductivity, 292 on output of adrenalin, 104 on thyroid activity, 104 nocturnal fall in temperature in, interpretation of, 108 partieipation in response to, of adrenals, 106, of brain, 105, of muscles, 106, of thyroid, thirst in, interpretation of, 109 Insomnia, effect of, on brain cells, 178 on conductivity of brain and liver, 183, 273-274, 292, 293 Interratomie forces, relation of, to electrie energy, 199 róle of, in vital processes, 226-228 Intermolecular forces, relation of, to electrie energy, 199 róle of, in organism, 12, 193, in vital processes, 226-228 Internal circuit in organic battery, Interrelation of adrenals and brain,