Gap Junctional Blockade Stochastically Induces Different Species-Specific Head Anatomies in Genetically Wild-Type Girardia dorotocephala Flatworms

We thank Joshua Kritzer for manuscript suggestions; Eva Jablonka and Douglas Blackiston for informative discussions; M. Matsumoto & H. Nodono for images of P. felina planaria; and Marta Riutort, for helpful information regarding planarian evolution. We also thank Aziz Aboobaker, Natalia Pouchkina-Stantcheva, and Jochen Rink for their kind gift of live worms of various species. Maya Emmons-Bell thanks Chalon Emmons, Gregory Bell, and Avi Kertesz for their support. This work was supported by the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation, and the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF0089/AB55).

Supplementary materials can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/11/26065/s1.

Michael Levin, Fallon Durant, and Maya Emmons-Bell conceived and designed experiments. Maya Emmons-Bell carried out experiments; Jennifer Hammelman and Daniel Lobo provided computational analysis of DiBAC images; Junji Morokuma assisted with immunohistochemistry and provided support with worm husbandry; Dany S. Adams assisted with morphometric analysis, and membrane voltage imaging; Alexis Pietak produced key figure elements; Nicholas Bessonov and Vitaly Volpert produced the computational model of emergent and discrete morphogenesis; Kaylinnette Pinet discovered the octanol-induced altered morphology phenotype; Maya Emmons-Bell, Vitaly Volpert, Daniel Lobo, and Michael Levin wrote the manuscript, with significant input from all co-authors.