Behavior of the Lower Organisms

galvanotaxis of ciliate infusoria (Russian). Dissertation. 160 pp. Moscow. — Id., 1904. Galvanotropismus und Galvanotaxis der Ciliata. Erste Mittheilung: Zeitschr. f. allg. Physiol., IV, 296-332. — Id., 1904 a. Zur Methodik der biologischen Untersuchungen iiber die Protisten: Arch. f. Protistenkunde, V, 17-39. — Strasbitrger, E., 1878. Wirkung des Lichtes und der Warme auf Schwarmsporen : Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturw. (N. F.), XII, 551-625. Also separate, 75 pp. Jena.

Thorndike, E., 1898. Animal intelligence. An experimental study of the associative processes in animals: The Psychol. Review, Monograph Suppl., II, 109 pp. — Titchener, E. B., 1902. Were the earliest organic movements conscious or unconscious? Pop. Sci. Monthly, LX, 458-469. — Torrey, H. B., 1904. On the habits and reactions of Sagartia davisi: Biol. Bui., VI, 203-216. — Id., 1904 a. Biological studies on Corymorpha palma and its environment: Journ. Exp. Zool., I, 395-422. — Trembley, A., 1744. Memoires pour servir a. 1'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce a. bras en forme de cornes. Paris.

Ziegler, H. E., 1900. Theoretisches zur Thierpsychologie und vergleichenden Neurophysiologie : Biol. Centralbl., XX, 1-16. Alternating electric currents, reaction to, in Paramecium, 83. Balbiani, behavior of conjugating Paramecia, 104; use of trichocysts, 186. Bancroft, reaction of infusoria to electricity, 167; of medusae to electricity, 208, 210. Barratt, reaction of Paramecia to chemicals, 64; theory of reaction to electricity (with Coehn), 165.

Bilateral animals, relation of behavior to tropism theory, 271, 273. Birukoff, reaction of Paramecium to induction shocks, 83, 88. Budgett, theory of reaction to electric current (with Loeb), 166. Carlgren, cause of reaction to electric current, 165; ciliary action in sea anemones, Cataphoric action, part played in reaction to electricity, 164. "Central nervous system" of medusas, 189. Centrifugal force, reaction to, in Paramecium, Chilomonas, structure and behavior, in; reaction to electric current, 152.

Cilia, in infusoria, 41; observation of movements, 83; cathodic reversal under electric current, 84; action in food taking of sea anemones, 222; reversal in sea anemones, 223, 224, 227; cilia in sea urchin, 234. Coehn and Barratt, theory of reaction to electric current, 165. Colorless infusoria, usual lack of reaction to light, 12S; cases of reaction to light, 142, Colpidium, avoiding reaction, 115; collection in acids, 122 ; lack of reaction to gravity, 150; reaction to electric current, 155.

Conduction of stimulation, in ccelenterates, 228; in Protozoa, 262. Contraction, in response to stimuli, in Paramecium, 89; in other infusoria, 114; in Ccelenterata, 197; spontaneous contractions in infusoria, 181; in Hydra, 189; in medusas, 191; rapid contraction in Aiptasia, 228; local contractions in ccelenterates, 231; relation to tropism theory, 272; setting of contractions through repetition in sea anemones, 206. Convoluta, habit formation, 255, 333; dependence of reaction to gravity on past history, 258.

Correlation of behavior in different parts of ccelenterate body, 227, 229; in sea urchin, 252; in starfish, 239. Corymorpha, reaction to gravity, 210; reaction of tentacles, 222. Currents, protoplasmic, in Amceba, 4; currents due to cilia in infusoria, 46, 60, 131; observation of these currents, 83; currents in reaction to electricity, 85; reaction to water currents in Paramecium, 73. Dale, reaction of infusoria to water currents, 75 ; to chemicals, 122.

Davenport, reaction of Amoeba to light, n, 21; of Paramecium to gravity, 76; of infusoria to chemicals, 122; diagram of tropism theory, 268; terminology, 275. Engelmann, reaction of Pelomyxa to light, 11; behavior of bacteria, 30, 35, 36, 39; reaction of Euglena to shading parts of body, 136; reaction to light in Paramecium bursaria, 142; terminology, 275. Epistylis, reaction to ultra-violet light, 142; cessation of reaction to weak stimuli, 172.

to gravity, 149. Halteria, reaction, 115. Harper, behavior of earthworm, 247, 24S. Harrington and Learning, reaction of Amoeba Hermit crabs, temporary reaction to gravity, 211; seeking shells, 250; formation of association and habit, 257, 290. Hertel, reactions to ultra-violet light, in Paramecium, 72; in other infusoria, 142; in Hydra, 213. Hodge and Aikins, changes in behavior in Vorticella, 179; duration of modification, 254; continuous activity of Vorticella, 181.

Holt and Lee, tropism theory in reactions to light, 266, 269. Hydroid, reaction to gravity, 210; reaction of tentacles, 222. Hydromedusse, reactions of separated margin and bell, 227 (see medusa). Independence of parts of body, in ccelenterates, 227; in sea urchin, 235. Injury, relation of reactions to, in Amceba, 23; in bacteria, 33; in Paramecium, 52, 63, 109 (see regulation, and interference with processes). Lacrymaria, reaction to induction shock, 151; trial movements, 181.

Learning, relation of change of behavior in infusoria to, 178; in crustaceans, 255. Lyon, reaction to currents, 74; to gravity, 77; to centrifugal force, 78. Manubrium, localizing reactions, 200; food reactions, 220; independent reactions, Massart, reactions of bacteria, 34, 37; discharge of trichocysts, 90; interference of heat and contact reactions, 93; reaction of Polytoma, 123; reversal of reaction to gravity by heat, 150; nomenclature, 275.

Mendelssohn, temperature reactions, 70; optimum for infusoria, 127; change of optimum, 101. Naegeli, movement and reactions of flagellates, in, 113; spiral movement in swarm spores, 143. Nervous system, of Coelenterata, 189; conduction by, in ccelenterates, 228; function in ccelenterates, 230; specific properties and general functions, 260-264; behavior without a nervous system, 261. Nutritive processes, relation of behavior to, see metabolism.

Osmotic pressure, reaction to, in bacteria, 34; in Paramecium, 63; in other infusoria, 124. consciousness, 336. Paramecium bursaria, reaction to light, 142, conduction of stimulation, 229. Parker and Arkin, behavior of earthworm, 248. Pawlow, modifiability of action in digestive Planaria, localization of reaction, 236; testing movements, 243; righting reaction, 245; physiological states, 233; relation to tropism theory, 273. Preyer, behavior of starfish, 239; habit formation in starfish, 241 ; varied physiological states, 253.

Psychic behavior, relation to behavior of lower organisms, 329. Putter, interference of heat and contact reactions, 93; of contact and reaction to electricity, 119; variability of contact reaction, 100; symptomatology, 300. Radl, reaction to gravity, 77; theory of tropisms in reaction to light, 274. Rejection of unsuitable food, in infusoria, 183; in sea anemones, 202. Resolution of physiological states, law of, 291, 314, 334; part played in regulation,

Reversal of reactions, as stimulus becomes stronger, 262 (see optimum); reversal of cilia in sea anemones, 224. Rhythmical contractions, in Yorticella, 1S1 ; in Hydra, 189; in medusa, 191; in margins and bell of medusae when separated, 227; rhythmical activity of Convoluta as habit, Roesle, reaction to induction shocks in infusoria, 82, 151. Sea urchin, reflexes, 234; reaction by varied movement, 238; dependence of behavior on physiological states, 252; modifiability of behavior, 252.

Spaulding, association and habit formation in hermit crabs, 257; reflex, 282. Spontaneous activity, in Protozoa and Metazoa, 261; in ccelenterates, 189; general, 283; spontaneous collections of infusoria, Statkewitsch, reaction of Paramecium to water current, 75; reaction to induction shocks, 81, 83, 88, 151; to constant current, 84; to alternating currents, 87; quieting infusoria, Si, 83; discharge of trichocysts, 90, 104; cataphoric action, 165; cause of reaction to electric current,

Strasburger, reaction method in swarm spores, 113; reaction of swarm spores to light, 143; experiments with prism, 145; terminology, 275. Transverse position, of Paramecia in alternating electric currents, 87; in constant current, 95; of Hypotricha in constant current, 154; of Spirostomum, 158; infusoria in general, 163. Verworn, reaction of Amceba to electricity, 24; reaction of Pleuronema to light, 142; of flagellates to electricity, 152; theory of reaction to electricity, 167; tropism theory, 266, 267, 269.

Wallengren, lack of food in infusoria, 101; lack of salts, 101; reaction to electric current in Spirostomum, 157; in Opalina, 159.