Elements of Physical Biology

Chapter XX VI, pages 265. For historical data on the introduction of eyeglasses see, for example, R. Greef, Die Erfindung der Augengliser, (A. Ehrlich, Berlin, 1921). Page 366. Regarding the modern industrial development, with the use of machinery and, incidentally, with reference to the phonograph and radio concerts of today, the following words of Aristotle have acquired a strangely prophetic significance: “If every instrument should accomplish its own work, obeying or anticipating the will of others, . . . . if the shuttle should weave, or the plectrum touch the lyre, without a hand to guide them, then chief workmen would not need assistants, nor masters slaves.’’

Chapter XX VII, page 374. Regarding the delimitation of the self, and related matters see also E. Mach, Analyse der Empfindungen; K. Pearson, Grammar of Science, 1900, p. 63; B. Bavink, Ergebnisse und Probleme der Naturwissenschaften, pp. 313, 320 et seq. Page 375. Add to footnote 7: Compare also the saying of Lamartine: “Tt is not I who think, but my ideas which think for me.’”? And a modern writer has remarked that ‘‘it is not we who think, thinking is rather something that happens to us.’ Accordingly it would be grammatically better advised to employ an impersonal form of verb, and to say, instead of I think, rather

it thinks, just as we say it thunders. Language is not altogether devoid of evidence of a vague realization of this. Especially in describing dreams and visions, with their characteristic submergence of the ego, we use such terms as methought, es dtinkte mich, etc. Chapter XXX, page 395. Poets are good psychologists, in part, no doubt, because by nature introspective; in part, also, because keenly interestedin human nature. The relation of emotions and of reason to action is well stated by Pope

“On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail, Reason the card, but passion is the gale.’’ “O douce volupté sans qui dés notre enfance Le vivre et le mourir nous deviendraient égaux—’” General references. The following references, some of them guides to bibliographic sources, may be regarded essentially as an extension of the footnote 8 on page 366. Chapter XXVI. M. Schips, Mathematik und Biologie, Teubner, 1922. Contains a bibliography. H. Przibram, Anwendung Elementarer Mathematik auf Biologische Probleme, Engelmann, Leipzig, 1908. Contains a bibliography.

G. Bohn, La forme et le mouvement, essai de dynamique de la vie. Flammarion, Paris, 1921. Contains a bibliography. O. Fischer, Physiologische Mechanik, in Encyklopaedie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. IV, I, II, Heft I, pp. 62-126. The index on the literature of the subject contains a list of 21 textbooks and 421 monographs. Animals characteristically active, mobile, 336; as catabions, 329. Annihilation, see extermination, also, extinction of species.

Approximate expression for equilibrium proportions, 267-268. Aquatic, life, interspecies equilibrium, 171; aquatic atmosphere, 193. Behavior schedule, 346; rigid or automaton type, 350; elastic type, 350; effect of change in, 350; regulation according to maximum principle, 351; of ideal organism, relation to that of actual, 352; effect of small departure from perfect adjustment, 353; gainful occupations, 416. Biassed movement, exemplified by chess, 343; biassed evolution, 380.

Carbon dioxide, origin of atmospheric, 227; solubility at different temperatures, 318. Cartilage, sodium chloride content, in relation to marine origin of terrestrial species, 204. Circulation of the elements in nature, 209; tends to increase, 245. Coefficients of transformation and their economic significance, 137 et seq. Coke ovens, losses of nitrogen from, 233; by-product, replacing beehive type, 233. Completely damped systems, 28; characterized by single-valued growth function, 47.

Consciousness, 388 et seq.; mechanistic explanations, 388; relation to physical conditions, 388; conditienal relations to physical conditions, 388; fundamental hypothesis of consciousness other than my own, 389; difficulty of attaching definite meaning to term consciousness as applied to lower organisms, etc., 389; bound up with life processes and structures, 390; not separated sharply from unconsciousness, 390; forms or modes, of 390; impersonal, 388 (Daudet), 391, 392; personal, 391; dependent on metabolism, 391; physico-chemical theory of, 391; evolution of, 393; operative relations of, 394; function of, 394; a function of bodily state, 394; origin of, 402 et seq. 404; physical analogy, 403; double aspect theory of, 403; physico-chemical theory of, 404; intervention in mechanics, 404; possible bearing of quantum theory on, 406; energy relations of, 406 et seq.; intervention of, in mechanics, 404, 407, 408; universe awakening to consciousness of itself, 431.

Convenience, in selection of coordinate reference frames, 372. fectors, Adjustors, Elaborators, Communicators, Depictors, In- formants, Transformants, etc. Correlation, between movement of organism and the environment, 336 et seq.; negative, between movement of organism and danger points, 337. Dilution culture method of making census of aquatic species, 173. Displacement of cycles, change in circulation resulting from, 292. Dynamic psychology, 396; as applied to industrial and social problem,

Economic significance of transformation factors, 137; conversion factors of energy, 355; value and general utility for social service, 386. Efficiency of milk and beef production, 136; of plants in utilizing sunlight, 332. Ego, as coordinate reference frame, 372; immaterial, 373; boundaries of, 374; need of broader conception, 378; as a particular development in general consciousness, 404; as a product of integration of consciousness, 405; classification of sciences in relation to distinction between ego and external world, 419; as Knower and as Willer, 421.

Energy transformers of nature, 325 et seq.; transformers, fundamental characteristics, 325; sources, distributed and localized, 336; relation of economic value to, 354, 355; economic conversion factors of, 355; law of evolution, 357; relations of consciousness, 406 et seq. Engine, the world as an, 331. Epictors or transformants, 411. Epidemiology, 77, 79, 4389. Equation, fundamental, of kinetics of evolving systems, 57, 77; characteristic, 60; of constraint, 58, 64; of kinetics, exceptional case, 89; case of three dependent variables, 94; of dynamics, possible significance of factors eliminated therefrom, 408.

Equilibria, number and character of, 59; relations between several equilibria, 147. Euclidian and non-Euclidian geometry, in the world picture, 376. Evolution of system as a whole, 16; definition, 19, 20, 24, 25; and history, 20; and progress, 21; direction of, 21, 22; and probability, 25; and irreversibility, 26; second law of thermodynamics as the law of evolution, 26; passage to more probable state, 34, 35; redistribution 41 et seq.; intra-group and inter-group, 44, 45; general mechanics of, 49; macro- or bulk mechanics, and micro mechanics, 50; dynamics or energetics, 50; second law of thermodynamics as the law of physico-chemical evolution, 157; of man’s exploitation of natural resources, 180; of elements, 269; under changing parameters, 280; law of maximum energy flux, 357; industrial, 367; of the ego, 378; biassed (orthogenesis), 380; value of nurture and tradition for evolution, 428.

Food and Feeding species, displacements of equilibrium between, 289. Fundamental equations of kinetics of evolving systems, 57 et seq.; general case, 57 et seq.; solution, 60; case of single dependent variable, 64; two dependent variables, hie Generation, rate of increase of population per generation, 118. Generations, diffusion in time of successive, 86; ratio of successive, 87. Geochemistry, 274. See also geophysics, and numerous references under Clarke, F. W.

Growth, of bacteria 69; of individual, 71, 439; determination of constants, Industrial organization, imperfection of adjustment of human motives to, Instincts, list of, 396; danger of suppressed, 400; egoistic and altruistic, 412; inadequacy as external adjustors in human community, 415. Irreplaceable components, 65; see also replaceable components. Lag and lead in equations of kinetics, 47; lag and lead, spurious, 48. Light, influence on biochemical reactions, 317, 318; influence on marine life, 318; penetration into sea water,

Methods of biological census of aquatic species, 173; summary, 176. Methods of gathering data regarding interdependence of species, 164. Models, use of, for attacking refractory problems in mathematical analysis, 360. Moving equilibrium, special case; pace set by the slowest transformationinachain, 261, 265; 267 (footnote 5);example of radioactive chain of transformations, 262. Nutrition of marine animals from dissolved organic matter, 175.

Organisms as composite transformers, 329; as coupled transformers, 330. Phosphorus, natural supply in soils, 246; migration of, 248; losses of, Plants, efficiency in utilization of sunlight, 332; absence of correlating apparatus in, 355. Principle of Le Chatelier, 281; conditions for validity, 284. Quantum theory, possible relation to phenomena of will and consciousness, 406. Radioactivity, periodic melting of earth’s crust (Joly’s theory), 275.

Random migration, 337, 344; under bias, exemplified by chess, 343; random movement under a bias, Selective slaughtering, effect on rate of increase of species, 119. Self consciousness as a particular mode of general consciousness, 404. Singular orbits, and the intervention of consciousness in mechanics, 407. Sun, energy intercepted by plants, 331; energy received by earth from, 331; energy radiated by, 331. Teleological interpretation, and mechanistic, of adjustors, 381, 382,

Thermodynamics, second law, and evolution, 26; second law of, as law of evolution in physico-chemical transformations, 157. Types of organisms, economical and lavish birthrate, 131, 132 et seq. Unity of man with cosmos, 426. Universe awakening to consciousness of itself, 431. Universe, man’s unity with 433. Uranium chain of radioactive elements, 263. Value in exchange (of small increments of two sensori-motor parameters), 349. Zone pattern, effect of change upon rate of increase of species, 348.

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