The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology

—— 1912. Behavior of fireflies (Photinus pyralis) with special reference to the problem of orientation. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 256. —— 1915. The relative stimulating efficiency of spectral colors for the lower organisms. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. I, p. 622. —— 1916. Changes in shade, color, and pattern in fishes and their bearing on the problems of adaptation and behavior, with especial reference to the flounders Paralichthys and Ancylopsetta. Bull. Bureau Fisheries, vol. 34, p. 173.

1916. The process of orientation in the colonial organism Gonium pectorale, and a study of the structure and function of the eyespot. Jour. Exper. Zodl., vol. 20, p. 1. Mast, S. O., and Root, F. M., 1916. Observations on Amoeba feeding on infusoria, and their bearing on the surface tension theory. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 188. MENDELSSOHN, M., 1895. Ueber den Thermotropismus einzelliger Organismen. Pfliigers Arch., Bd. 60, S. 1. — 1902. Récherches sur la thermotaxie des organismes unicellulaires. Jour. de physiol. et de pathol. gén., t. 4,

— 1902. Récherches sur J’interférence de la thermotaxie avec d’autres tactismes et sur la mécanisme du mouvement thermotactique. Ibid., t. 4, p. 475. MENDELSSOHN, M., 1902. Quelques considérations sur la nature et la réle biologique de la thermotaxie. Ibid., t. 4, p. 489. MEREjKowskKy, C., 1881. Les crustacés inférieurs distin- 1913. Comment les infusoires se comportent vis-a-vis des mélanges de diverses matiéres colorantes. Ibid., t. 74, p. 704.

Mitts, T. W., 1894-1896. The psychic development of young animals and its physical correlations. Montreal. 1899. The nature of animal intelligence and the methods . of investigating it. Psych. Rev., vol. 6, p. 262. —— 1909. L’instinct de déguisement et la choix des couleurs chez les crustacés. Rev. gén. des sciences pures et appliquées, t. 20, p. 106. Mirtsvuxkvri, K., 1901. Negative phototaxis and other properties of Littorina as factors in determining its habitat. Annot. zool. japonenses, 4.

Mostus, K., 1873. Die Bewegungen der Thiere und ihr psychischer Horizont. Schrift. d. naturwiss. Ver. f. Schleswig-Holstein, Bd. 1, S. 113. Moopy, J. E., 1913. Observations on the life history of two rare spatulates, Spathidium spathula and Actinobolus radians. Jour. Morph., vol. 23, p. 349. 1913. Negative phototropism of Diaptomus through the agency of caffein, strychnin and atropin. Science, N.S., vol. 38, p. 131. soga. ——- 1910. Alleged rhythm in phototaxis synchronous with

522. 1894. Vergleichend physiologische und anatomische Untersuchungen iiber d. Geruchsund Geschmacksinn und ihre Organe. Zoologica, Heft 18. 525. Norman, W. W., 1900. Do the reactions of the lower animals against injury indicate pain sensation? Am. Jour. Physiol., 529@. ORBELLI, L. A., 1908. Conditioned reflexes resulting from optical stimulation of the dog. St. Petersburg. See 830. 530. Ostwatp, W., 1903. Zur Theorie der Richtungsbewegungen niederer schwimmender Organismen, I. Pfliigers Arch., Bd.

1907. Zur Theorie u. s. w., III. Ueber die Abhingigkeit gewisser heliotropischer Reaktionen von der inneren Reibung des Mediums, sowie u. d. Wirkung ‘“mechanischer Sensibilatoren.” Ibid., Bd. 117, S. 384. 1903. The skin and the eyes as receptive organs in the reactions of frogs to light. 544. —— 1909. Influence of the eyes, ears, and other allied senseorgans on the movements of the dogfish Mustelis canis (Mitchell). Bull. Bureau Fisheries, vol. 29, p. 45.

545. —— 1909. The integumentary nerves of fishes as photoreceptors and their significance for the origin of the vertebrate eyes. Am. Jour. Physiol., vol. 25, p. 77. 549. —— 1911. Effects of explosive sounds such as those produced by motor boats and guns upon fishes. Bureau Fisheries, Document 752. Patten, B. M., 1914. A quantitative determination of the orienting reaction of the blowfly larva. Jour. Exper. Zodl., vol. 17, p. 213. blowfly larva to opposed beams of light. Am. Jour. Physiol.,

tg04. On the behavior and reactions of Limulus in early stages of its development. Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psych., vol. 14, p. 138. — 1o10. The reactions of amphibians to light. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. 45, no. 6. 578. Purpps, C. F., 1915. An experimental study of the behavior of amphipods with respect to light intensity, direction of rays, and metabolism. Biol. Bull., vol. 28, p. 210. 581¢. 1906. Generalité du processus olfactif de reconnaissance

chez les fourmis. C. r. Soc. Biol., t. 61, p. 385. Exceptions et variations dans le processus olfactif de reconnaissance chez les fourmis. Ibid., p. 433. Le mécanisme de reconnaissance chez les fourmis. Ibid., p. 471. 584. 1909. L’étude expérimentale de l’anticipation adaptive. C. r. Assoc. frangaise pour l’avancement des sciences, p. 735. 592. PLATEAU, F., 1885. Récherches expérimentelles sur la vision chez les arthropodes. Les insectes distinguent-ils la forme des objets? Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, IIIe série, t. 10,

1902. Observations sur les erreurs commises par les hymenoptéres visitant les fleurs. Ibid., t. 46, p. 133. Pratt, J. B., 1899. On the sp. gr. of Spirostomum, Paramecium, and the tadpole in relation to the problem of geotaxis. Am. Nat., vol. 33, p. 31. 1906. Einige Bermerkungen und Beobachtungen iiber die Phototropismus der Tiere. Ibid., Bd. 26, S. 677. Reese, A. M., 1912. Food and chemical reactions of the spotted newt, Diemyctylus viridescens. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 2, p. 190.

REGEN, J., 1912. Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber das Gehér von Liogryllus campestris. Zool. Anzeig., Bd. 40, S. REIGHARD, J., 1908. An experimental field study of warning coloration in coral reef fishes. Pub. Carn. Inst. Washington, RHUMBLER, L., 1898. Physikalische Analyse von Lebenserscheinungen der Zelle, I. Bewegung, Nahrungsaufnahme, Defakation, Vacuolen-Pulsation und Gehdusebau bei lobosen Rhizopoden. Arch. f. Entwicklungsmech., Bd. 7, S. 103.

646. RovuBaup, 1907. Instincts, adaptation, résistance au milieu chez les mouches des rivages maritimes. Bull. Inst. gén. psych., Paris, t. 7, p. 61. SAMOLJOFF und PHEOPHILAKTOWA, 1907. Ueber die Farbenwahrnehmungen beim Hunde. Zent. f. Physiol., Bd. 21, S. SANFORD, E. C., 1914. Psychic research in the animal field: der kluge Hans and the Elberfeld horses. Am. Jour. Psych., vol. 25, p. 1. SANTSCHI, F., 1911. Observations et remarques critiques sur le mécanisme de l’orientation chez les fourmis. Rév. suisse de zool,, t. 19, P. 304.

SavLE, M. H., 1916. The reactions of Necturus to stimuli received through the skin. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 6, p. 81. glass and carbon and other indigestible substances and toward 1917. Reactions of Amceba to light and the effect of light on feeding. Ibid., vol. 32, p. 45. SCHRODER, C., 1901. Experimentelle Studien iiber Bliitenbesuch, besonders der Syritta pipiens L. Allg. Zeit. f. Ent., Bd. 6, S. 181. Scuwarz, F., 1884. Der Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Bewegungsrichtung von Chlamydomonas und Euglena. Sitzungsber. d. deutsch. bot, Gesell., Bd. 2, S. 51.

Semon, R., 1904. Die Mneme als erhaltendes Princip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens. Leipzig. SEWALL, H., 1884. Experiments on the ears of fishes with reference to the function of equilibrium. Jour. Physiol., vol. 4, P. 339. SHELFORD, V. E., and Powers, E. B., 1915. An experimental study of the movements of herring and other marine fishes. Biol. Bull., vol. 28, p. 315. — 1915. Tests on adaptive intelligence in dogs and cats as compared with adaptive intelligence in rhesus monkeys. Am. Jour. Psych., vol. 26, p. 211.

SHERRINGTON, C. S., 1906. The integrative action of the nervous system. New York. SmaLt, W. S., 1899. Notes on the psychic development of the young white rat. Am. Jour. Psych., vol. 11, p. 80. — 1899. An experimental study of the mental processes 692. STEINER, J., 1888. Die Functionen des Centralnervensystem und ihre Phylogenese, II Abth., Fische. Braunschweig. 694. StockarD, C. R., 1908. Habits, reactions, and mating instincts of the walking stick, Aplopus Mayeri. Car. Inst.

699. SWIFT, W. B., 1912. Psychological results in reactions to tone before and after extirpation of the temporal lobes. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 2, p. 225. —— 1899. A reply to “The nature of animal intelligence and the methods of investigating it.” Ibid., vol. 6, p. 412. — 1go1. The mental life of the monkeys. Psych. Rev. Monograph Supp., no. 15. TIEDEMANN, F., 1815. Beobachtungen iiber d. Nervensystem und d. sensiblen Erscheinungen der Seesterne. Deutsches Arch. f. d. Physiol., Bd. 1, S. 161.

Tower, W. L., 1906. Evolution in chrysomelid beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa. Carnegie Pub. TreMBLeY, A., 1744. Mémoires pour servir 4 Vhistoire d’un genre de polypes d’eau douce. Paris. 729. —— 1912. An experimental investigation of an apparent reversal of the light responses of the roach (Periplaneta orientalis L.). Biol. Bull., vol. 23, p. 371. 932. 1915. Notes on the behavior of the antlion with emphasis on the feeding activities and letisimulation. Ibid., vol. 20, Pp. 277.

738. Utricu, J. L., t915. Distribution of effort in learning in the white rat. Behavior Monographs, vol. 2, no. s, serial no. 10. 746. —— 1913. The function of the vibrissze in the behavior of the white rat. Behavior Monographs, vol. 1, no. 5. 947. 1915. The white rat and the maze problem, I. The introduction of a visual control. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 5, Pp. I. 751. WaGER,H.,1911. On the effect of gravity upon the movements and aggregation of Euglena viridis Ehr. and other microorganisms. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, vol. 201 B, Pp. 333-

Watton, A. C., 1915. The influence of diverting stimuli during delayed reaction in dogs. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. Warren, E., t90o. On the reaction of Daphnia magna to certain changes in its environment. Ibid., vol. 43, p. 199. Wasspurn, M. F., 1904. A factor in mental development. Wasuzurn, M. F., and ABgort, E., 1912. Experiments on the brightness value of red for the light-adapted eye of the rabbit. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 2, p. 145. WasHeBurn, M. F., and Benttey, I. M., 1906. The establishment of an association involving color discrimination in the creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus. Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psych., vol. 16, p. 113.

Wasmann, E., 1891. Die zusammengesetzten Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen. Miinster. — 1897. Vergleichende Studien iiber d. Seelenleben der Ameisen und der héheren Tiere. Freiburg i. B. Trans., St. Louis, 1905. —— 1899. Die psychischen Fahigkeiten der Ameisen. Zoologica, Heft 26. goo. Einige Bemerkungen zur vergleichenden Psychologie und Sinnesphysiologie. Biol. Cent., Bd. 20, Watson, J. B., 1909. Some experiments bearing on color vision in monkeys. Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psych., vol. 10, p. 1. —— 1908. The behavior of noddy and sooty terns. Carnegie

—— 1914. Animal behavior: an introduction to comparative psychology. New York. Watson, J. B., and Watson, M. I., 1913 A study of the responses of rodents to monochromatic light. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 3, p. 1. Wenricu, D. H., 1916. Notes on the reactions of bivalve mollusks to changes in light intensity: image formation in Pecten. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 6, p. 297. Wenry, J., 1904. Quelques expériences sur l’attraction des abeilles par les fleurs. Bull. Acad. roy. de Belgique, t. 1, p. 1211.

—1o10. Ants, their structure, development, and behavior. New York. Write, G. M., 1915. On the behavior of brook trout embryos from the time of hatching to the absorption of the yolk sac. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 5, p. 44. WILL, F., 1885. Das Geschmacksorgan der Insekten. Leipzig. WittemM, V., 1891. Sur les perceptions dermatologiques. Bull. scient. de la France et de la Belgique, t. 23, p. 329. 1892. De la vision chez les mollusques gastéropodes

1892. Observations sur la vision et les organes visuels de quelques mollusques prosobranches et opisthobranches. Ibid., t. 12, p. 123. WobsEDALEK, J. E., 1911. Phototactic reactions and their reversal in the mayfly nymphs, Heptagenia interpunctata (Say). Biol. Bull., vol. 21, p. 265. 1912. Formation of associations in the mayfly nymphs, Heptagenia interpunctata (Say). Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 2,p. I. WoopwortH, R.S., 1906. The cause of a voluntary movement. No. 12 in Studies in philosophy and psychology by former students of Charles Edward Garman. Boston.

Wunont, W., 1894. Lectures on human and animal psychology. Trans. by J. E. Creighton and E. B. Titchener. London. — 1902. A contribution to the physiology of the nervous system in the medusa Gonionemus murbachii, I. The 805. —— 1903. The instincts, habits, and reactions of the frog, I Associative processes of the green frog. Harvard Psych. Studies, vol. 1, p. 570. 808. 1903. Reactions of Daphnia pulex to light and heat. Mark Anniversary Volume, p. 361.

800. 1904. The reaction time of Gonionemus murbachii to electric and photic stimuli. Biol. Bull., vol. 6, p. 84. 815. —— 1905. Bahnung und Hemmung der Reactionen auf tactile Reize durch akustische Reize beim Frosche. Pfliigers 1909. Modifiability of behavior in its relation to the age and sex of the dancing mouse. Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psych., vol. 19, p. 237. 1916. The mental life of monkeys and apes. Behav. Monographs. YERKES, R. M., and AvER, J. B., 1903. Astudy of the reactions and reaction time of the medusa Gonionemus murbachii to photic stimuli. Am. Jour. Physiol., vol. 9, p. 279.

YerKES, R. M., and Cosurn, C. A., 1915. A study of the behavior of the pig Sus scrofa by the multiple-choice method. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 5, p. 185. , Yerkes, R. M., and EssEenserc, A. M., 1915. Preliminaries to the study of color vision in the ring dove, Turtur risorius. Jour. Animal Behav., vol. 5, p. 25. 839. ZeLiony, G. P., 1907. Contribution to the study of the reactions of the dog to auditory stimuli. St. Petersburg. See 830. Ameeba, 38 ff., response to change in light intensity, 135; response to colors, 146; reaction to localized stimuli,

Discrimination, evidence of, 54 ff.; acquired by punishment, 264 ff. Echinoderms, chemical sense, 86; hearing, 117; response to change of light intensity, 141 f.; color vision, 149. See Starfish, Sea-urchins. Necturus, 238. Negative reaction, varied to’ repeated stimulus, 247 f. Structure, as evidence of mind, 35 ff.; as evidence of discrimination, 54 f. The numbers refer to the pages on which the work of the writers is cited, 'HE following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.

ROBERT M. YERKES, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Comparative Psychology, Harvard University The aim of the Series is to present a number of small volumes which taken together shall form a comprehensive introduction to Comparative Psychology “Dr. Yerkes’ book isa most interesting example of modern laboratory methods and can be read with profit by any one, on account of the accurate methods of observation and careful deductive reasoning which it shows. An elaborate, painstaking system of experiments was carried on with over 400 mice, with the object of determining muscular codrdination, structural peculiarities, strength of the special sense organs, habit formation, educability, and strength of memory of these little animals. Some experiments were also undertaken along the line of inherited peculiarities. . . . The work is really only a preliminary study, but it will be read with much interest by all students of comparative psychology.” — Journal of American Medical Association.

By MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology, Vassar College “ As the author points out, the title of this book might more appropriately have been ‘The Animal Mind Deduced from Experimental Evidence,’ for the facts here set forth are very largely the results of the experimental method in comparative psychology. The mass of experimental material that has been accumulated from the researches of physiologists and psychologists is already great, but it is also for the most part inaccessible to the ordinary student, being widely scattered and to a considerable extent published in the journals of specialists, which the average college library does not contain. Hence the usefulness of the present . . . interesting work.” — Mew York Sun.