Physiological Foundations of Behavior

Observations and Experiments Concerning the Elementary Phenomena of Embryonic Development in Chetopterus, Jour. Exp. Zool., UI. Polarity and Bilaterality of the Annelid Egg, Experiments with Centrifugal Force, Biol. Bull., XVI. On the Connection between Stimulation and Changes in the. Permeability of the Plasma Membrane of the Irritable Element, Science, XXX. On the Connection between Changes of Permeability and Stimulation and on the Significance of Changes in Permeability to Carbon Dioxide, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XXIV.

The General Biological Significance of Changes in the Permeability of the Surface Layer of the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells, Biol. Bull., XVII. The Relation of Stimulation and Conduction in Irritable Tissues to Changes in the Permeability of the Limiting Membranes, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XXVIII. The Réle of Membranes in Cell Processes, Pop. Sci. Mo., February. The Conditions Determining the Rate of Conduction in Irritable Tissues and Especially in Nerve, Amer. Jour. Physiol. XXXIV. Conditions of Conduction of Excitation in Irritable Cells and Tissues and Especially in Nerve, I, Amer. Jour. Physiol.,

The Conditions of Physiological Conduction in Irritable Tissues, III, Amer. Jour. Physiol. XLII. The Formation of Structures Resembling Organic Growths by Means of Electrolytic Local Action in Metals and the Physiological Significance and Control of that Type of Action, Biol. Bull., XXXII. Transmission of Activation in Passive Metals as a Model of the Protoplasmic or Nervous Type of Transmission, Science, XLVIII. Nervous and other Forms of Protoplasmic Transmission. Sci. Mo., May and June.

1920 a. The Recovery of Transmissivity in Passive Iron Wires as a Model of Recovery Processes in Irritable Living Systems. I II. Jour. Gen. Physiol., III. 1920b. The Nature of Protoplasmic and Nervous Transmission. Jour. The Transmission of Physiological Influence in Nerve and other Forms of Living Matter. Scientia, Vol. XXVIII. Transmission of Physiological Influence in Protoplasmic Systems, Especially Nerves. Physiol. Rev., IL. The Action of Neutral Isotonic Salt Solutions in Sensitizing Arbacia Eggs to the Activating Influence of Hypertonic Sea Water. Amer. Jour. Physiol., LVII.

Precipitation Structures Simulating Organic Growths. Biol. Bull., XXXVI. Untersuchungen zur phystologischen Morphologie der Tiere, I, Ueber Heteromorphose. Wirzburg. Untersuchungen, etc., IT, Organbildung und Wachstum. Wirzburg. Hinleitung in die vergleichende Psychologie. Leipzig. On Ions which are Capable of Calling Forth Rhythmical Contractions in Skeletal Muscle. Festschr. f. Prof. Fick. Braunschweig. Vorlesungen uber die Dynamik der Lebenserscheinungen. Leipzig.

Rules and Mechanisms of Inhibition and Correlation in the Regeneration of Bryophyllum calycinum. Bot. Gaz., LX. Further Experiments on Correlation of Growth in Bryophyllum calycinun. Bot. Gaz., LXII, Influence of the Leaf upon Root-formation and Geotropic Curvature in the Stem of Bryophyllum calycinum and the Possibility of a Hormone Theory of these Processes. Bot. Gaz. A Quantitative Method of Ascertaining the Mechanism of Sle and Inhibition of Growth in Dormant Buds, Science, The Chemical Basis of Regeneration and G.

1917e. The Chemical Basis of Morphological Polarity in Regeneration, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., XV. 1918a. The Law Controlling the Quantity of Regeneration in the Stem of Bryophyllum calycinum. Jour. Gen. Physiol., I. 1918b. The Chemical Mechanism of Regeneration, Ann. Inst. Past., 1918c. The Law Controlling the Quantity and Rate of Regeneration, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., IV. 1918d. Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct. Philadelphia. 1919. The Physiological Basis of Morphological Polarity, I, II, Jour. Gen. Physiol., I. 1920. Quantitative Laws in Regeneration, I, II, Jour. Gen. Physiol., rt: 1920b. The Nature of the Directive Influence of Gravity on the Ar- rangement of Organs in Regeneration, Jour. Gen. Physiol., I. 1923. Theory of Regeneration Based on Mass Action, I, I], Jour. Gen. Physiol., V, VI. Logs, J., and Bancrort, F. W. 1912. Can the Spermatozoén Develop Outside the Egg? Jour. Exp. Zool., XII. Lucas, K. 1917. The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse. London. Lucknarvt, A. B., Henn, 8. C., and Paumer, W. L. 1922. On the Specificity of Gastrin and Pancreatic Secretin, Proceedings Amer. Physiol. Soc., Amer. Jour. Physiol., LIX . Lucxuarvt, A. B., Keron, R. W., Kocx, F. C., and La Mrmr, V. 1920. Gastrin Studies, II, Amer. Jour. Physiol., L.

1918. The Toxic Action of KCN and its Relation to the State of Nutrition and Age of the Cell as Shown by Paramecium and Didinium, Biol. Bull. XXXV. Lunp, ©. J. 1918 a. Quantitative Studies on Intracellular Respiration, I, II, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XLV. 1918b. Quantitative Studies, ete., III, IV, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XLVII. 1921 a. Quantitative Studies, ete., V, Amer. Jour. Physiol., LVII. 1921 b. Control of Organic Polarity by the Electric Current, I, Jour. Exp. Zool., XXXIV. 1922. Experimental Control of Organic Polarity by the Electric Current, II, Jour. Exp. Zool., XXXV. 1923. Experimental Control of Organic Polarity, etc., IIL., Jour. Exp. Zoél., XXXVIL. Macau, A. B. 1911. Oberflichenspannung und Lebenserscheinungen, Hrgebn. d. Physiol., X1. MacArtuur, C. G., and Jongs, O. C. 1917. Some Factors Influencing the Respiration of € tround Nervous Tissue, Jour. Biol. Chem., », 0.0.41 8

MacArruur, J. W. ; 1920. | Changes in Acid and Alkali Tolerance with Age in Planarians, Amer. Jour. Physiol., LIV. 1921. Gradients of Vital Staining and Susceptibility in Planaria and other Forms, Amer. Jour. Physiol., LVII. MacDonatp, J. S. 1905. The Structure and Function of Nerve Fibers, Proc. Roy. Soc., MAnGco.p, O. 1920. Fragen der Regulation und Determination an umgeordneten Furchungsstadien und verschmolzenen Keimen von Triton, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XLYVII. Mast, S. O. 1911. Light und the Behavior of Organisms. New York. Matuews, A. P. 1901. The Relation between Conduction and the Inorganic Salts of the Nerve, Jour. Boston Soc. Med. Sci., V. 1902. The Nature of Nerve Stimulation, Science, XV. 1903 a. The Nature of Nerve Irritability, Science, XVII. 1903 b. Electric Polarity in Hydroids, Amer. Jour. Physiol., VIII. 1904. The Nature of Chemical and Electrical Stimulation, I, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XI. 1905. The Nature of Chemical and Electrical Stimulation, II, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XIV.

Mayer, A. G. 1906. Rhythmical Pulsation in Seyphomeduse, Carnegie Inst. Publ. No. 47. 1908. Rhythmical Pulsation in Scyphomeduse, II, Carnegie Inst. Publ. No. 102. 1916. Nerve Conduction and Other Reactions in Cassiopea, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XXXIX, McCatuum, W. B. 1905. Regeneration in Plants, I, II, Bot. Gaz., LX. McDovaeat, W. 1920. The Group Mind. New York and London. 1912. Experimentelle Studien zur Somaund Geschlechtsdifferenzierung, II. Jena. Moors, A. R. 1919. The Respiratory Rate of the Sciatic Nerve of the F rog in Rest and Activity, Jour. Gen. Physiol., I. 1923. Galvanotropism in the Earthworm, Jour. Gen. Physiol., V. Morean, T. H. 1897. ton in Allolobophora fotida, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., V. 1901 a. | es Determine Regeneration in Antennulaia, Biol. Bie UL, 1901 b. Regeneration in Tubularia, Arch. Jf. Entwickelungsmech., XT.

1902. Experimental Studies of the Internal Factors of Regeneration in the Earthworm, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XIV. 1905. Polarity Considered as a Phenomenon of Gradation of Materials, Jour. Exp. Zodl., I. 1906. The Physiology of Regeneration, Jour. Exp. Zodl., U1. 1907. Experimental Zoology. New York. 1908. Some Further Records Concerning the Physiology of Regeneration in Tubularia, Biol. Bull., XIV. 1919. The Physical Basis of Heredity. Philadelphia. Moraan, T. H., and Dioy, A. C. 1904. An Examination of the Problem of Physiological “Polarity” and Electrical Polarity in the Earthworm, Jour. Exp. Zool., 1. Morean, T. H., SrurTevant, A. H., Mutter, H. J., and Brivces, C. B. 1923. The Mechanism of Mendelian H eredity. Revised Edition. New York. Nernst, W. 1908. Zur Theorie des electrischen Reizes, Arch. ges Physiol., CX XII. Newman, H. H. 1917 a. On the Production of Monsters by Hybridization, Biol. Bull., 1917 b.. The Biology of Twins. Chicago. 1918. Hybrids Between Fundulus and Mackerel, Jour. Exp. Zool.,

1923. The Physiology of Twinning. Chicago. Not, F. 1900. Ueber die Umkehrungsversuche mit Bryopsis, Berichte deutsch bot Gesell., XVIII. Norman, W. W. 1900. Do the Reactions of the Lower Animals against Injury Indicate Pain Sensations? Amer. Jour. Physiol., U1. Parrerson, J. T. 1913. Polyembryonic Development in Tatusia novemeincta, Jour. Morphol., XXIV. 1920. Contraction Waves in the Normal and Hydronephrotic Ureter, Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., CLX. PrerFeR, W. 1897. Pflanzenphysiologre. Tweite Auflage. Bd. I. Leipzig. 1886. Ueber die Bewegungen der Seesterne. Mitt. A. d. Zoél. Station zu Neapel, VII. PrizipraM, H. 1906. Kristallanalogien zur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XXII. 1921. Die Bruch-Dreifachbildungen im Tierreiche, Arch f. Entwickelungsmech., XLVIIL. Ranp, H. W. 1911. The Problem of Form in Hydra, Science XX XIII. 1912. The Problem of Organization, Science, XXXVI.

1876. | Die Vermehrung der Begoniaceen aus ihren Blattern, Jen. 1913. The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to 1909. The Differentiation and Specificity of Corresponding Proteins and Other Vital Substances in Relation to Biological Classification and Organic Evolution. The Crystallography of Hemoglobin, Carnegie Inst. Publ., No. 116. Riaes, L. K. 1919, Action of Salts upon the Metabolism of Nerve, Jour. Biol. Chem., XX XIX. Ritter, W. E.

1921. | The Need of a New English Word to Express Relation in Liv. ing Nature, Jour. Phil. Psychol. Sci. M eth., XVIII. Rossins, H. §., and Camp, C. M. 1920. Carbon Dioxide Production in Relation to Regeneration in Planaria dorotocephala, Biol. Bull., XXXVIII. Romangs, G. J. 1885. Jellyfish, Starfish and Sea Urchin. New York. Roux, W. 1885. Beitrage zur Entwickelungsmech. des Embryo. III, Breslauer Gratliche Zeitschr., Thg. 1885. 1894. Ueber den Cytotropismus der Furchungszellen des Grasfrosches (Rana fusca), Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., I.

1905. Die Entwickelungsmechanik: Ein neuer Zweig der biologischen Wissenschaft, Vortr. uw. Aufs. ti. Entwickelungsmech., I. 1912. rangle der E'ntwicklungsmechanik der Tiere und Pflanzen. eipzig. Satan, Y. 1919. Experimental Studiesof the Ureter, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XLIX. Semon, R. 1904. Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip in Wechsel des organischen 1922. A Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Minute Amounts of Gaseous Oxygen and its Application to Respiratory Air. Jour. Biol., Chem., LIT,

1918. The Reactions of Goldfish to Certain Habit-forming Drugs, 1914. Rapid Modification of the Behavior of Fishes by Contact with Snorey, Marian L. a 1909. The Effect of the Destruction of Peripheral Areas on the Differentiation of the Neuroblasts, Jour. Exp. Zool., VII. Sivicxis, P. B. 1923. Studies on the Physiology of Reconstitution in Planaria lata, with a Description of the Species, Biol. Bull., XLIV. SmitH, STEVENSON. 1908. The Limits of Educability in Parameecium, Jour. Comp. Neurol., Spemann, H. 1918. | Ueber die Determination der ersten Organanlagen des Amphibienembryo, I-VII, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XLIII. 1921. Die Erzeugung tierischer Chimaren durch heteroplastische embryonale Transplantation Zwischen Triton cristatus und teniatus, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XLVIII. Sranu, E. 1885. Ueber den Einfluss der Beleuchtungsrichtung auf die Teilung der Equisetumsporen, Ber. deutsch. Gesell., III. Srevens, N. M. 1902. Regeneration in Antennularia 1amosa, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XV. 1910. Regeneration in Antennularia, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., SrocKkarD, C. R. 1907. The Artificial Production of a Single Median Cyclopian Eye in the Fish Embryo by Means of Sea Water Solutions of Magnesium Chloride, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XXIII. 1909. The Development of Artificially Produced Cyclopian Fish. The Magnesium Embryo, Jour. Exp. Zodl., VI. 1910. The Influence of Alcohol and Other Anesthetics on Embryonic Development, Amer. Jour. Anat., X. 1911. The Experimental Production of Various Eye Abnormalities and an Analysis of the Development of the Primary Parts of the Eye, Arch. f. vergl. Ophthalmol., I. 1921. Development Rate and Structural Expression, Amer. Jour. Anat., XXVIII. Tasuiro, 8. 1914. The Metabolic Gradient in the Nerve Fiber, Proc. Amer. Physiol. Soc., Amer. Jour. Phystol., XXXII. 1915 a. The Metabolism of Resting Nerve and Its Correlation with the Direction and Rate of Nerve Impulse, Proc. Amer. Physiol. Soc., Amer. Jour. Physiol., XXXVI. 1915 b.

On the Nature of the Nerve Impulse, Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci., I. 1917. A Chemical Sign of Life. Chicago. Tasutro, S., and E. M. HenprICcKs. 1921. Can an Indicator Method be Used for Measurement of CO2 Production from Isolated Nerve. Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists, Jour. Biol. Chem., XLVI. Taytor, F. B., and ALtvargz, W. C. é 1917. The Effect of Temperature on the Excised Segments of Different parts of the Intestine, Amer. Jour. Physiol., XLIV. TeERNI, T. 1914. Sulla correlazione fra ampiezza del territorio di innervazione e volume delle cellule gangliari, Anat. Anz., 1914. 1919. Sulla correlazione, etc., 2, Arch. Ital. Anat. Embr., XVII.

Torrey, H. B. 1907. The Method of Trial and the Tropism Hypothesis, Science, UEXKULL, J. Von. 1905. Studien tiber den Tonus, II, Zeitschr. f. Biol., XLVI. 1861. Die Untersuchung der Pflanzenund Thiergewebe in polarisirtem Lichte. Leipzig. 1871 a. Beitrage zur Mikroskopie, IT. Die doppeltbrechenden Eigenschaften der Embryonalgewebe, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., VII. 1871 b. Die Physikalische Untersuchung der Gewebe. Leipzig. VeRWorn, M. 1906. Die Vorginge in den Elementen des Nervensystems. Sammelreferat, Zeitschr. f. allgem. Physiol., VI. 1913. Irritability. New Haven. Vocutine, H. 1878, Ueber Organbildung in Pflanzenreich. Bonn. 1884. Ueber Organbildung, ete. Bonn. 1887. Ueber die Bildung der Knollen, Bibl. Bot., H. 4. 1900. Zur Physiologie der Knollengewiichse, Jahrb. wiss. Bot.,

1914. Ueber experimentelle Erzeugung von Epithelwucherungen und Vervielfachungen des Medullarrohres (Polymyelie) bei Hiihnerembryonen, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XXXVIII. 1897. Lectures on Physiology. First Series. On Animal Electricity. London. 1916. Experimental Studies Aiming at the Origin of Monsters, I, Jour. Exp. Zool., XXI. 1918. A Study of Some Ant Larvee with a Consideration of the Origin and Meaning of the Social Habit among Insects, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., LVII.

WILHELM, HeEpwic. 1922. Ueber Transplantation von Extremitiatenanlagen mit Riicksicht auf das Symmetrieproblem, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., Witson, E. B. 1892. The Cell Lineage of Nereis, Jour. Morphol., VI. 1893. Amphiovus and the Mosaic Theory of Development, Jour. Morphol., VIII. 1894. The Mosaic Theory of Development, Woods Hole Biol, Lect. for 1896. On Cleavage and Mosaic Work, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., atl. 1903. Experiments on Cleavage and Localization in the Nemertine Egg, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., XVI. 1904. Experimental Studies on Germinal Localization, I, it, Sour:

Fix. Zool., I. Wixson, H. V. 1907. On Some Phenomena of Coalescence and Regeneration in Sponges, Jour. Hxp. Zodl., V. 1911 a. Development of Sponges from Dissociated Tissue Cells, Bull. Bur. Fish., XXX. 1911 b. On the Behavior of Dissociated Cells in Hydroids, Aleyonaria and Asterias, Jour. Exp. Zool., XI. 1900 a. Ueber Polaritit, Regeneration und Heteromorphose bei Bryopsis, Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., XXXV. 1900 b. Ueber den Einfluss dusserer Faktoren auf die Teilung des Hies von Cytosira barbata, Ber. deutsch. bot. Gesell., XVIII. 1920. La contraction rythmeé aneurale des myotomes chez les embryons de Selachiens, I, Arch. Zodl. exp. gén., LX. Woop-Jonzs, F. 1912. Coral and Atolls. London. ZieGuER, H. EH. 1898. Die Furchungszellen von Beroe ovata, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., VII.

Acclimation: in relation to physiological condition, 77; differential, 82, Arbacia: susceptibility gradient in blastula of, 79, 81; differential inhibition in, 83; differential acclimation in, 84; reduction gradient in, 87, 88; apolar larva of, 106. Association: among cells, 277; among human beings, 278; factors in human, 278. See also Integration, social. Asterias forbesii: bilaterality in behavior of, 63; modification of development, 105, 106.

289. See also Dominance, physiological; Dominance, social. able, 252; nervous system and modifiability of, 256; in relation to cerebral cortex, 257; instinctive, Block: as factor in physiological isolation, 156; of nerve impulse, 159. Boveri, T.: polarity as gradation, 74; polarity of sea urchin’s egg, 129. Brissopsis lyrifera, bilaterality and locomotion in, 66, 67. Bryophyllum: action of gravity on, 54; dominance in, 158; physiological isolation by block in, 159.

Carry, E. J.: mechanical factors in differentiation, 50; mechanical factors in rhythmic response, 185. Cour, L. J., starfish rays not physiologically equivalent, 65. Conkuin, E. G.: reaction to environment in development, 23; hypothesis of elastic structure in eggs, 136. Correlation, physiological: kinds of, 34; transportative, 44; dynamic, 47; yolk as factor in transportative, 101; as basis of equilibration, 217, Corymorpha: decrease of polarity . in short pieces of, 117; biaxial forms in 117, 118; obliteration of gradient in, 119; determination of new gradient

Crystal: hemoglobin, 26; organismic pattern as analogous to, 26. Ctenophore: gradient in plate row of, 90; dominance and subordination in plate row of, 141; pacemaker in plate row of, 149; rate of transmission in plate row of, 190. Dewey, J., sterility of conception of organism as primarily independent of external world, 30. Differentiation: in relation to specific and dynamic factors, 53, 100, 282; in relation to physiological gradients, 80, 95, 102, 109; in relation to theory of qualitative nuclear division, 95; definition of, 96; in relation to oxidation-reduction, 97; in Chetopterus egg, 99, 100; of nervous system,

reconstitution of head in, 143; reconstitution of cephalic ganglia in, Egg: determination of polarity in Fucus, 58, 60; susceptibility gradient in Phialidium, 79, 80; reduction gradient in Stomotoca, 87, 88; reduction gradient in Arbacia, 87, 88; polarity of Sternaspis, 98; yolk Epigenesis: elementary organism in relation to, 19; organism in terms of, 20, 29. GatvanlI, L., electric stimulation, 175. Galvanotaxis, in relation to physiological gradients, 89.

GuaseER, O., locomotion in starfish, 66. Gotprars, A. J., cephalic ganglia in reconstitution of earthworm, 144. GowantocH, J. N.: differential acevidence for existence of, 74; in cell, 76 footnote, 79, 80, 87, 88, 98, 99, 100, 131; double, in segmented animals, 81, 92; in organs, 90; quantitative character of 91; in development of organs and parts, 92; primarily superficial, 92; developmental alterations in, 92; as physiological axes in simplest terms, 93; in relation to surface-interior pattern, 93; as basis of differentiation, 95; origin of qualitative differences from, 96; in animal eggs, 100, 129; in relation to localization and differentiation, 101; in localization and differentiation of nervous system, 110, 209; in relation to polarity of neuroblasts, 111; experimental determination of, 114; determination by light, 115; determination by electricity, 115; determination by gravity, 116; determination by differential exposure, 117, 201; determination by localization of growth, 119; in adventitious buds of begonia, 122; in adventitious buds of Corymorpha, 123, 124; in adventitious buds of Phialidium, 123, 125; origin of, in relation to heredity, 133, 212; not of autonomous protoplasmic origin, 135; dominance in relation to, 138, 159, 207; independence in relation to, 145; mosaic development in relation to, 146; pacemaker in relation to, 150; excitation-transmission gradients in relation to, 195, 200, 254; as regulatory mechanisms, 224, 226; reflex are in relation to, 235; stability of, 242, 244, 245; developmental modifiability in relation to, 245; mnemic conception of, 249. See also Dominance, physiological; Pattern, axlate; organismic.

Hemsrunn, L. V., electric charge of protoplasm, 179 footnote. Herwe, E.: theory of excitationtransmission, 176; memory as function of organized substance, 248. Herricx, ©. J.: excitability in evolution of intelligent behavior, 15; correlation centers as regions of dominance, 140 footnote; spontaneity as factor in evolution, 186. Hit, A. V.: absence of temperature change in nervous transmission, 178 footnote, 182. Hivricus, M. A., differential susceptibility to ultraviolet light, 76 footnote, 109 footnote.

Huxiry, J. S., susceptibility and surface exposure, 80 footnote. Hydra: differential susceptibility to ultraviolet. light, 76 footnote. Hyman, L. H., and Bretiamy, A. W.: axial potential difference, 89; galvanotaxis in relation to gradient, 89. Ingvar, S., determination of polarity by electric current, 112, 115. Isolation, social: as factor in social reproduction, 292; through increase in size, 292; through decrease in dominance, 293; through obstacles to communication, 293; through local conditions, 294.

Kemurr, V. H., cephalic ganglia in reconstitution of Planaria, 143. Leadership: among animals, 274, 275; among human beings, 281; physiological and social, 282; sociological significance of, 283, 290; in surfaceinterior social integration, 284; reaction to environment in, 285; xppearance of new, 294. See also Dominance, physiological; Dominance, social. Lewis, M. R. and W. H., rhythmic contraction in tissue culture, 184. ferential susceptibility to ultraviolet, 76 footnote, 109 footnote; in relation to bilaterality of frog egg, 115.